This study focuses on the fact that, from the turning point in South Korea’s efforts to improve relations with China during the Cold War period up to the establishment of diplomatic relations, South Korea pursued various attempts to approach China t...
This study focuses on the fact that, from the turning point in South Korea’s efforts to improve relations with China during the Cold War period up to the establishment of diplomatic relations, South Korea pursued various attempts to approach China throughout the 1970s and 1980s. Centering on the process of contacts between the two countries, the study examines, by period, the manner in which bilateral relations were improved in a step-by-step fashion and identifies the interactions that emerged between South Korea and China in this process. Through this analysis, the study demonstrates that the normalization of South Korea-China relations was neither a mere outcome of the end of the Cold War nor the result of unilateral acceptance by either side. Rather, it was the product of a gradual process in which South Korea’s proactive approach and China’s step-by-step response accumulated over the course of the 1970s and 1980s, ultimately advancing toward diplomatic normalization.
Existing studies have tended to focus primarily on the non-political exchanges that expanded in earnest after the 1980s, thereby overlooking the contacts that had already begun to emerge in the early 1970s. Moreover, while previous research has placed strong emphasis on structural factors—such as changes in the international environment, economic complementarity, and adjustments in foreign policy—it has paid insufficient attention to how the interactions accumulated step by step over more than two decades, changes in modes of contact, and shifts in mutual perceptions formed the essential historical foundation for diplomatic normalization prior to its formal realization.
Against this backdrop, the present study takes as its object of analysis the contact processes between South Korea and China that were carried out in a phased manner to improve bilateral relations during the 1970s and 1980s, as well as the interactions that emerged in this process. Drawing extensively on newly declassified diplomatic documents, government records, and press materials as primary sources, the study systematically analyzes three stages of interaction through which the two countries pursued relationship improvement during this period. In doing so, it elucidates the phased transformation from South Korea’s proactive approach and China’s limited contacts to pragmatic acceptance and, ultimately, active response, and clarifies how the accumulation of these interactions formed the decisive foundation leading to the establishment of diplomatic relations.
In this study, the development of South Korea-China relations during this period is divided into three stages based on the level of South Korea’s approach toward China and the degree of China’s response. The first stage, from 1970 to 1977, is the exploratory phase of improving South Korea–China relations, characterized by South Korea’s unilateral attempts at engagement and China’s limited response. The second stage, from 1978 to 1984, is the transitional phase, marked by South Korea’s sustained exploration of engagement and China’s pragmatic acceptance. The third stage, from 1985 to 1990, represents the turning point in bilateral relations, defined by South Korea’s continued promotion of engagement and China’s active response.
During the exploratory phase, South Korea sought to adjust its foreign policy amid a rapidly changing international security environment shaped by the announcement of the Nixon Doctrine, U.S.-China rapprochement, the normalization of diplomatic relations between China and Japan, and the reduction of U.S. forces stationed in Korea, alongside domestic demands to maintain an authoritarian political system and expand economic markets. South Korea no longer perceived China solely as an ideologically hostile adversary or as North Korea’s blood ally, but instead reassessed it as a new diplomatic variable and a potential partner for cooperation. Accordingly, South Korea pursued the improvement of relations with China through various channels, including unofficial contacts via overseas diplomatic missions, moderation in the use of appellations referring to China, exploration of indirect trade and economic exchanges through third countries, and attempts at cultural, academic, and people-to-people exchanges.
By contrast, during this period China shifted toward a realist-oriented foreign policy based on the “One Strategic Line and One Broad United Front” approach and the Three Worlds Theory. As the Sino-Soviet split intensified and containing the Soviet Union emerged as China’s foremost strategic priority, China began to perceive South Korea not as a purely ideological adversary but as an entity with which limited contact was possible. Accordingly, China demonstrated a more flexible attitude by reducing criticism of South Korea and tacitly permitting indirect trade through third parties. Although such responses remained limited, they nonetheless constituted important signals indicating to South Korea that, unlike in the past when China had maintained outright rejection, a certain degree of flexibility and room for adjustment now existed.
The interactions between the two countries during this period can be summarized as South Korea’s unilateral approach and China’s limited response. South Korea took the initiative and actively sought contact, while China responded in a restricted manner within non-political and indirect domains. Although these contacts largely remained unofficial and at the private level, this period represented a critical phase that laid the groundwork for subsequent changes in perception and policy shifts that would make further improvement of relations possible.
During the transitional phase, China began to promote reform and opening-up in earnest, and its foreign policy likewise shifted in a more pragmatic direction. South Korea promptly recognized these changes. Taking into account China’s enhanced regional strategic standing, its influence on stability on the Korean Peninsula, and the economic opportunities generated by reform and opening-up, South Korea reassessed China’s significance. Having confirmed the limited achievements of the previous stage, South Korea concluded that improving relations with China was a task that required sustained exploration. Accordingly, based on the principle of separating politics from economics, South Korea prioritized the expansion of economic exchanges while continuously exploring contacts and interactions with China through various channels, including leveraging China’s participation in international organizations and pursuing the rational handling of accidental incidents.
Meanwhile, in the course of advancing reform and opening-up, China reevaluated South Korea as both a reference model for economic development and a potential partner for cooperation. As a result, China moved beyond its earlier limited responses and began to accept pragmatic contacts with South Korea through various channels, including opening practical contacts via overseas diplomatic missions, de facto permitting indirect trade and cooperation in technology and equipment, and actively studying South Korea’s rapid industrialization and growth model.
The interactions between South Korea and China during this period can be summarized as South Korea’s sustained exploration of engagement and China’s pragmatic acceptance. Contacts evolved from an earlier emphasis on indirect and private exchanges to a structure in which indirect contacts remained central while direct contacts coexisted, and, triggered by accidental incidents, contacts involving government-level intervention also emerged. As the scope and level of contact expanded, this stage formed an indispensable intermediate foundation leading toward the normalization of relations.
Entering the mid-to-late 1980s, against the international backdrop of the Soviet Union’s promotion of “New Thinking” diplomacy and the easing of U.S.-Soviet relations, South Korea sought to respond to the relaxation of Cold War structures by resuming inter-Korean dialogue, while domestically addressing democratization and growing economic demands. South Korea further strategized the improvement of relations with China as an extension of inter-Korean relations and defined it as a core task of its Northern Policy. Accordingly, South Korea demanded more direct and institutionalized contacts with China and, drawing on the foundation of indirect exchanges accumulated in earlier stages, expanded the scope of contact through increased participation in sporting events and the deepening of economic exchanges. In this process, non-political exchanges served as a conduit through which previously private-centered contacts were elevated to semi-official political contacts.
At the same time, around 1985, China also took note of South Korea’s intensified approach toward China. As China deepened reform and opening-up and set comprehensive modernization as a central national strategic objective, it recognized both the necessity and urgency of more actively pursuing the normalization of relations with South Korea. Accordingly, China responded more proactively to South Korea’s approaches across multiple domains, including the establishment of trade representative offices.
The interactions between the two countries during this period can be summarized as South Korea’s sustained promotion of engagement and China’s active response. The nature of contact underwent a structural leap from indirect and unofficial interactions to direct, semi-official, and institutionalized exchanges. The scope and modes of exchange expanded in a multilayered manner, and through the formation of semi-official channels and the conclusion of various agreements, private-centered contacts developed into semi-official political interactions. These structural changes provided both the practical foundation and the institutional framework that enabled the two countries to subsequently conduct negotiations for diplomatic normalization.
Although structural constraints such as the North Korean factor and the Taiwan issue persisted throughout the process of improving South Korea–China relations, South Korea and China nevertheless deepened their interactions by transforming mutual perceptions and adjusting modes of contact within these constraints. Based on the phased interactions accumulated since the 1970s, the two countries reached diplomatic normalization as they entered a decisive juncture in which external constraints were eased. This demonstrates that the establishment of diplomatic relations between South Korea and China was neither a simple consequence of the end of the Cold War nor the result of unilateral acceptance by either side, but rather the product of a process in which interactions accumulated since the early 1970s advanced in a step-by-step manner toward normalization. By focusing on the continuity and phased nature of these interactions, this study presents a new analytical framework and offers implications for understanding the process of interstate relationship improvement and normalization.