『화엄일승법계도』와 『완덕의 길』의 수행 비교고찰 = A Comparative Study of Spiritual Practice in the 『Hwaeom Ilseung Beopgyedo』 and 『The way of Perfection』

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Each religion offers a distinct perspective on the world, its purpose, and the means by which its ultimate goal is pursued. In the spirit of the Second Vatican Council, however, the Catholic Church calls for dialogue with other religions and for efforts to understand their perspectives. Such understanding enables the Church to communicate its own heritage more effectively to people of other cultures and to promote the proclamation of the Gospel. Motivated by this conviction, this study explores the theme of spiritual practice (praxis) by focusing on Christianity and Buddhism.
The main body of this work examines Uisang, the founder of the Hwaeom (Flower Garland) school in Korea, and St. Teresa of Ávila, the reformer and foundress of the Discalced Carmelites. Both figures left behind writings that contain profound insights into the life of a spiritual practitioner. A significant point of convergence between them lies in their understanding of spiritual practice. Both Buddhism and Christianity, as expressed in these works, view human beings in this present life as incomplete and emphasize the necessity of a process of self-transformation—whether called “practice” or “the pursuit of perfection.” Yet the underlying worldview, the process itself, and the understanding of ultimate fulfillment differ between the two traditions.
A striking point of convergence is the emphasis on the heart or mind. Uisang speaks of the Four Means of Embracing Beings and the Four Immeasurable Minds, describing a practitioner who is neither self-centered nor excessively focused solely on others but who maintains a Middle Way perspective and acts for the enlightenment of all beings, not just oneself. Teresa warns against exclusive attachments and ambition, interpreting them as contrary to spiritual poverty, and teaches that such poverty cannot become a means of asserting one’s superiority but must be lived with humble obedience and love.
Thus, both 『Hwaeom Ilseung Beopgyedo』 and 『The way of Perfection』 display striking similarities as well as clear differences. Despite being separated by time, place, and culture, both authors wrote out of concern not only for themselves but also for others, warned against extremes in the practitioner’s disposition, and emphasized altruism. The differences lie in their final goal and foundation. For Uisang, the ultimate goal is personal liberation (nirvāṇa), and the foundation is the Buddha-nature already inherent within oneself. The fact that practice is the process by which an already existing Buddha realizes his true nature. Therefore, the focus is not so much on relocating oneself to another place or stage but on embodying Buddhahood in one’s present condition. By contrast, for Teresa the ultimate goal is union with God, and its foundation is Jesus Christ, who is perfectly united with God. She insists that one must be transformed and ascend to a higher spiritual state to achieve this union. This goal is not realized in an instant but through a lifetime of faithful observance of religious life and rules, relying on God’s grace to bring the practitioner to perfect union.
This study has thus reflected on “spiritual practice” as articulated by Uisang and Teresa of Ávila. It is hoped that the insights into Hwaeom practice introduced to Korea and the Christian understanding of the pursuit of perfection may serve as a guide and inspiration for all who seek a life of spiritual growth.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Abstract ⅳ
• 들어가는 말 1
• Ⅰ. 의상의 생애와 활동 3
• 1.1. 출가와 수도 4
• 1.2. 입당과 수학 5
• 1.3. 귀국 후 행적 11
• Ⅱ. 『화엄일승법계도』 13
• 2.1. 『법계도』의 저술 경위 13
• 2.2. 구성과 내용 15
• 2.2.1. 구성 16
• 2.2.2. 내용 18
• 2.3. 수행으로서의 법계도 23
• 2.3.1. 사섭법(四攝法)과 사무량심(四無量心) 24
• 2.3.2. 수행의 지향-일승보법(一乘普法) 29
• 2.3.3. 수행의 근거-법성성기(法性性起) 31
• 2.3.4. 수행의 방편-원융십지(圓融十地) 34
• 2.3.5. 수행의 모습-구래중도(舊來中道) 38
• 2.3.6. 수행의 결과-일승(一乘)으로의 회귀 42
• Ⅲ. 성녀 데레사의 『완덕의 길』 46
• 3.1. 성녀 데레사의 생애와 『완덕의 길』 저술 경위 47
• 3.2. 완덕의 일반적 고찰 48
• 3.3. 성녀 데레사의 완덕 50
• 3.3.1. 완덕의 근거 50
• 3.3.2. 완덕을 향한 준비 52
• 3.4. 완덕을 향한 방법들 55
• 3.4.1. 이탈 56
• 3.4.2. 가난 57
• 3.4.3. 극기 59
• 3.4.4. 겸손 61
• 3.4.5. 사랑 64
• 3.4.6. 일치 68
• 3.5. 소결론 71
• Ⅳ. 의상과 데레사 성녀의 수행의 길 비교 72
• 4.1. 자신의 완전함을 추구 73
• 4.2. 수행의 근거 75
• 4.3. 수행자의 생활 77
• 4.3.1. 내적 생활 77
• 4.3.2. 외적 생활 79
• 4.4. 이타성 82
• 4.5. 목적지 84
• 나오는 말 88
• 참 고 문 헌 90