This study examines the impact of revenue diversification on the fiscal soundness of local governments in Korea, with a particular focus on the mediating role of revenue volatility. Recent global and domestic challenges—such as the COVID-19 pandemic...
This study examines the impact of revenue diversification on the fiscal soundness of local governments in Korea, with a particular focus on the mediating role of revenue volatility. Recent global and domestic challenges—such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the Fourth Industrial Revolution, climate change, increasing concentration in the Seoul metropolitan area, and local depopulation—have intensified fiscal uncertainty and posed significant threats to the stability and soundness of local government revenues (Seo, 2023). In response, growing attention has been directed toward establishing more stable revenue structures (Moon, 2023).
Building on the Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) proposed by Markowitz (1952), numerous studies in the United States have demonstrated that diversified revenue structures enhance resilience against external shocks, improve predictability, and strengthen both fiscal stability and fiscal health (Suyderhoud, 1994; Carroll, 2005; Ladd & Weist, 1987). Although the Korean fiscal and taxation system differs from that of the United States, recent research has also begun to assess how revenue diversification affects the fiscal conditions of Korean local governments (Kim, 2018; Son & Jeong, 2022; Moon, 2023).
Using panel data from 226 basic local governments between 2011 and 2022, this study empirically analyzes both the direct effect of revenue diversification on fiscal soundness and its indirect effect via revenue volatility through mediation analysis.
The empirical findings are as follows. First, revenue diversification positively influences fiscal soundness. Local governments with a more balanced revenue composition show improved fiscal growth—reflected in higher per-capita revenues and expenditures—and enhanced fiscal stability, demonstrated by reduced per-capita debt and lower debt-to-asset ratios. Second, revenue diversification significantly reduces revenue volatility, consistent with the predictions of MPT (Wilson, 1997). By combining revenue sources with low inter-correlations, local governments can mitigate fluctuations in total revenues, even when certain revenue items decline due to economic shocks (White, 1984). Third, lower revenue volatility contributes to improved fiscal soundness, highlighting the critical role of revenue stability in strengthening fiscal health. Fourth, revenue volatility was found to partially mediate the relationship between revenue diversification and fiscal soundness, indicating that diversified revenue structures enhance fiscal soundness both directly and indirectly by stabilizing revenues (Hendrick, 2002).
Overall, the study demonstrates that revenue diversification contributes to improving both fiscal growth and fiscal stability in Korean local governments, and that its benefits extend beyond direct effects to include significant indirect effects through reduced revenue volatility. These results suggest that revenue diversification serves as an effective strategy for enhancing fiscal predictability, stability, and soundness—particularly in an era of heightened fiscal uncertainty—and reaffirm its importance as a policy tool for strengthening local fiscal resilience.
Keywords: local government finance, revenue diversification, revenue volatility, fiscal soundness, fiscal growth, fiscal stability