The purpose of this study is to explore the meaning of the experience of naming Self-diagnosis, one of the core practices of Tojisha-Kenkyu, for people with mental disabilities. To this end, the study conducted an in-depth exploration of participants...
The purpose of this study is to explore the meaning of the experience of naming Self-diagnosis, one of the core practices of Tojisha-Kenkyu, for people with mental disabilities. To this end, the study conducted an in-depth exploration of participants’ holistic experiences, from accepting medical diagnostic labels within the existing healthcare system to participating in Tojisha-Kenkyu, constructing their own Self-diagnosis, and reinterpreting their personal narratives.
This study adopted a general qualitative research design. Participants were selected through purposive sampling and met the following criteria: having experienced mental disability for at least one year; having continuously participated in Tojisha-Kenkyu for more than three months; having direct experience of the process of naming a Self-diagnosis during Tojisha-Kenkyu activities; possessing a Self-diagnosis they could describe based on lived experience; and being able to communicate with the researcher. Data were collected through in-depth interviews using semi-structured questionnaires and were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Through constant comparison, differences and commonalities across the data were repeatedly examined to derive themes encompassing all cases.
The analysis revealed that, within Tojisha-Kenkyu, the experience of naming a Self-diagnosis resembled a path toward recovery that begins with confusion caused by diagnostically assigned labels imposed on one’s life, and unfolds through encounters with Tojisha-Kenkyu, in which “I” and “we” take the lead in understanding illness. Through Self-diagnosis, participants began rewriting their own stories, initiating a journey of recovery. This journey consisted of four stages over time: (1) being assigned a psychiatric diagnosis, (2) encountering Tojisha-Kenkyu, where illness is jointly led by oneself and peers, (3) naming a Self-diagnosis and rewriting one’s own narrative through Tojisha-Kenkyu, and (4) the Self-diagnosis functioning as the starting point of recovery.
In the course of their lives, people with mental disabilities encountered symptoms that emerged unexpectedly and were placed in situations where they had to bear the weight of diagnostic labels assigned by medical professionals. Initially, some believed that their symptoms would improve easily and therefore regarded them lightly; however, as unfamiliar symptoms accumulated, they became overwhelmed and experienced intense internal confusion. Unfamiliar diagnostic labels such as schizophrenia or depression prompted questions about personal identity, yet most participants attempted to accept these labels by relying on the authority of professionals. This constituted the first gateway through which participants passively accepted mental disability and diagnostic labels.
This confusion deepened as diagnostic labels changed or accumulated whenever medical institutions or professionals changed. The experience of labels changing while the person remained the same further normalized the passive position imposed on people with mental disabilities. It confirmed that interpretive authority over one’s own narrative had already shifted from oneself to professionals. As participants came to recognize the nature of diagnostic labels, some felt overwhelmed by the heavy power of illness, while others experienced suffering that seemed to erode them from within. Even when they attempted self-disclosure to change the situation, they were unable to overcome social stigma and, ultimately, internalized a patient identity structured around diagnostic labels.
During this period of confusion, surrounding others functioned both as “support” and as “burden.” Experiences of feeling that one troubled their family, or that family relationships themselves were burdensome, revealed relationships marked by both emotional closeness and mutual carelessness. Meanwhile, people outside the family often viewed participants through stigmatizing lenses. In contrast, horizontal relationships with friends provided nonjudgmental support and served as crucial resources that enabled people with mental disabilities to regain strength.
For people with mental disabilities, Tojisha-Kenkyu offered a new perspective for understanding life and suffering. Through participation in Tojisha-Kenkyu, participants shifted from a passive position—where they unilaterally accepted professional explanations of illness—to an active stance in which they reflected on and understood their own experiences, thereby reclaiming agency over their illness experiences and personal narratives. By reframing experiences not as “symptoms” but as “struggles,” Tojisha-Kenkyu expanded the lived space of people with mental disabilities from hospital-centered clinical settings to the broader community. Moreover, Tojisha-Kenkyu proved useful in enabling participants to reconstruct their identities as both the “subject” and “protagonist” of their own lives, and in alleviating long-standing frustrations that had remained unresolved elsewhere. Ultimately, Tojisha-Kenkyu came to be perceived as a “safe zone where it is acceptable to reveal vulnerability.” Paradoxically, by collectively expressing weakness, participants fostered an encouraging environment that strengthened their inner resilience. This signifies the emergence of a distinctive and meaningful space in which deep solidarity and shared identity among people with similar experiences were cultivated.
Within Tojisha-Kenkyu, the experience of naming a Self-diagnosis was central to the process by which people with mental disabilities recovered their agency. Participants reported that it enabled them to fully acknowledge experiences previously obscured by diagnostic labels, and to learn how to reflect on, understand, and present themselves. Through Self-diagnosis, participants not only confronted present struggles but also revisited and metabolized past hardships and experiences. By acquiring an original perspective on illness and a unique language of their own, participants developed both internal and external resilience. These findings demonstrate the possibility of Self-diagnosis coexisting with medical diagnoses as a new, participant-centered language for expressing mental disability.
Taken together, participation in Tojisha-Kenkyu and the experience of naming a Self-diagnosis functioned as the starting point of a recovery journey for people with mental disabilities. This process also revealed pathways through which participants could expand into broader social roles, such as becoming peer support workers. Ultimately, the findings illustrate a transformation from passive objects to active subjects, while underscoring that the primary agent of recovery is not an external expert, but the individual themselves.
The implications of this study are as follows. First, the experience of Self-diagnosis through Tojisha-Kenkyu holds significance in illuminating the unique struggles of people with mental disabilities that are often concealed by diagnostic labels. Second, because Self-diagnosis involves the participant-led reconstruction of illness, it can contribute to empowerment and recovery among people with mental disabilities. Third, Tojisha-Kenkyu serves as a core pathway through which people with mental disabilities can grow beyond personal healing to become supporters of others’ recovery. Fourth, Tojisha-Kenkyu has the potential to contribute to community integration of people with mental disabilities.
Based on these implications, the following recommendations are proposed. First, to establish Tojisha-Kenkyu as an alternative practice system within the community, concrete institutional foundations should be established—such as explicitly designating it as a recommended program within Ministry of Health and Welfare guidelines and incorporating it into mandatory training for peer support workers—so that it may expand both quantitatively and qualitatively. Second, in practice settings, Self-diagnosis should be actively utilized as a complementary tool alongside diagnostic labels when understanding and supporting the unique experiences of participants. Third, thorough preliminary education on the core philosophy and principles of Tojisha-Kenkyu, as well as continuous sharing within groups, is essential in practice settings.