Hydrogels, characterized by their soft, hydrated polymer networks, have become versatile biomaterials for therapeutic delivery and tissue regeneration. Their three-dimensional architecture provides a biocompatible, moisture rich environment capable of...
Hydrogels, characterized by their soft, hydrated polymer networks, have become versatile biomaterials for therapeutic delivery and tissue regeneration. Their three-dimensional architecture provides a biocompatible, moisture rich environment capable of hosting various therapeutic agents, from small molecules to proteins and cells. Yet, traditional hydrogels often exhibit mechanical fragility, rapid degradation, and poor control over release kinetics, limiting their long-term efficacy. To overcome these drawbacks, this dissertation presents polyphenol-based hydrogel systems engineered to achieve precise, controllable, and clinically applicable therapeutic functions.
Polyphenolic compounds such as tannic acid (TA) and polydopamine (PD) were introduced to enhance mechanical resilience and bio-functionality. These molecules, known for their strong adhesion, antioxidant properties, and reversible noncovalent bonding, establish dynamic, biocompatible networks without the need for toxic crosslinkers. Their natural origin and chemical versatility enable the construction of robust, responsive hydrogels that support biological integration. Through these interactions, this work aimed to create simple yet intelligent hydrogel platforms capable of disease specific, controlled drug delivery and regenerative functionality while ensuring safety and scalability for clinical use.
In the first part, an electro-responsive hydrogel HTZ, composed of hyaluronic acid (HA), tannic acid, and zinc ions (Zn²⁺) was developed for electrically modulated drug release and metronomic chemotherapy. The reversible network structure responded dynamically to alternating current (6 Vpp, 500 kHz), allowing fine control of drug diffusion. Doxorubicin (DOX) was incorporated via π–π stacking and electrostatic interactions, achieving a loading efficiency of over 95%. Electrical stimulation induced pulsatile, repeatable DOX release consistent with metronomic dosing, sustaining therapeutic levels while reducing systemic toxicity. In vitro and in vivo studies confirmed enhanced release under stimulation, prolonged intratumoral retention, tumor growth suppression, and downregulation of angiogenic markers (CD31, VEGFR2). The HTZ hydrogel preserved its structural integrity and functional performance after repeated activation, confirming consistent electro-responsiveness and stability.
In the second part, a multifunctional GTP hydrogel, composed of gelatin, tannic acid, and polydopamine, was designed as a bioactive and conductive scaffold for peripheral nerve regeneration. The GTP system meets key nerve guidance conduit (NGC) criteria, suitable elasticity, interconnected porosity, biodegradability, and neurocompatibility. Gelatin provides an ECM-like framework that promotes cellular attachment, while tannic acid reduces oxidative stress and inflammation through its antioxidant and adhesive roles. Polydopamine enhances both structural integrity and mild conductivity, enabling axonal signaling and communication. Additionally, curcumin (CUR), a natural anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective agent, was incorporated for sustained release and prolonged biochemical stimulation. In in vitro and in vivo peripheral nerve injury (PIN) models, the GTP@CUR hydrogel promoted neurite outgrowth, mitigated inflammation, and accelerated axonal regeneration, demonstrating excellent neuroregenerative potential through a simple, scalable, and biocompatible design.
In conclusion, the HTZ and GTP hydrogels demonstrate a unified strategy for creating multifunctional, biocompatible, and clinically translatable platforms that integrate controlled drug delivery and tissue regeneration. HTZ provides precise electrical modulation for sustained metronomic chemotherapy, while GTP expands polyphenol-based design into conductive and antioxidative scaffolds that enable continuous therapeutic release and neural repair. Composed entirely of naturally derived, FDA approvable materials, these systems embody the essential qualities of safety, simplicity, and scalability, establishing the groundwork for next generation smart hydrogels capable of tunable responsiveness and adaptive performance in precision therapy and tissue restoration.