As regional economic integration accelerates, the Korea-China Free Trade Agreement, which took effect in 2015, has profoundly impacted bilateral trade in agricultural and fishery products. China, as a major supplier of these products to Korea, has see...
As regional economic integration accelerates, the Korea-China Free Trade Agreement, which took effect in 2015, has profoundly impacted bilateral trade in agricultural and fishery products. China, as a major supplier of these products to Korea, has seen its trade volume steadily expand, with total bilateral agricultural trade reaching $6.33 billion in 2024.However, South Korea's implementation of high protectionist policies for its domestic agriculture severely constrains Chinese agricultural and fishery product exports through tariff barriers, technical trade measures, and strict quarantine standards. Simultaneously, the two countries exhibit significant differences in agricultural industrial structure and competitiveness, revealing numerous structural contradictions during the trade liberalization process.
This study aims to systematically analyze the major issues existing in the process of promoting the Korea-China Agricultural and Fishery Products Free Trade Agreement, identify the underlying structural obstacles and institutional constraints, and based on this, propose feasible and practical improvement measures. This will promote the sound development of agricultural and fishery product trade between the two countries and enhance the collaborative efficiency of the regional agricultural industrial chain.
According to research, four key issues exist in the process of pursuing an FTA for agricultural and fishery products between Korea and China.
First is the structural imbalance in tariffs and market access. Korea maintains excessive protection for sensitive goods, employs comprehensive product classifications, and has an unequal concession structure.
Second, non-tariff barriers are prominent. Technical trade measures standards vary significantly, SPS inspection costs are extremely high, and origin rules thresholds are excessively high.
Third is the gap in industrial competitiveness and structural conflict. The distribution of benefits between Korea's small-scale farming system and China's large-scale production system is imbalanced.
Fourth is the challenge from the external environment. This includes conflicts between RCEP and FTA rules, intensified competition in third-country markets, geopolitical factors, and divergent consumer perceptions.
This study proposes the following improvement measures to address the aforementioned issues.The first is to optimize the classification of sensitive products and establish a "mutual linkage" concession mechanism to expand new trade channels such as cross-border e-commerce and centralized cargo centers.
Second is to establish a Korea-China TBT Joint Standards Committee to promote mutual recognition of inspections, and to build a cost-sharing and rapid customs clearance system for SPS.
The third is to strengthen policy and financial support to promote the organization of small-scale farming households and the transition toward higher value-added industrial chains.
Fourth, strengthen the linkage between RCEP and FTA rules, establish joint supply chains for third-party markets, and implement blockchain traceability systems and cultural fusion marketing.
This study is significant in that it provides concrete and actionable policy recommendations to the governments and businesses of both countries, thereby reducing trade costs, overcoming implicit barriers, and facilitating the advancement of bilateral agricultural and fishery product trade from 'formal parity' to 'substantive mutual benefit'.At the regional level, the research findings contribute to promoting linkages between Korea-China agricultural and fishery product trade and regional frameworks like RCEP, enhance the resilience and competitiveness of East Asian agricultural industrial chains, and provide useful reference material for the future establishment of a Korea-China-Japan Free Trade Agreement (FTA).