This dissertation empirically analyzes major inter-Korean relations events that occurred between 2010 and 2020 by analytically distinguishing the stages of conflict frame production by political society, frame mediation by the media and organized civi...
This dissertation empirically analyzes major inter-Korean relations events that occurred between 2010 and 2020 by analytically distinguishing the stages of conflict frame production by political society, frame mediation by the media and organized civil society, and frame reception and perceptual transformation within public opinion. In South Korea, while public opinion toward North Korea has remained largely moderate and centered on intermediate response categories, society as a whole has persistently perceived itself to be in a state of intense ideological conflict. This study conceptualizes this discrepancy not as a simple perceptual mismatch, but as an analytically identifiable outcome structure formed and sustained through repeated interactions among political society, the media and organized civil society, and public opinion, and seeks to elucidate its underlying formation mechanism.
Based on this analytical problem, the study selects five major inter-Korean events—the Cheonan sinking, the Yeonpyeong Island shelling, the partial suspension of the Kaesong Industrial Complex, the Pyongyang Summit, and the ban on North Korean leaflet distribution—as its analytical cases, classifying them into military and non-military events. To examine the interactional structure linking political society, the media and organized civil society, and public opinion, the analysis applies the PIRT Production–Intermediation–Reception–Perceptual Transformation) framework. Conflict frame production by political society and frame mediation by the media and organized civil society are analyzed primarily through National Assembly records, media coverage, and official statements. Public opinion is examined using time-series data from the Seoul National University Institute for Peace and Unification Studies’ Unification Perception Survey (2009–2021), with changes in response distributions and structural indicators, including Z-scores and Jensen–Shannon Divergence (JSD), employed for empirical verification.
The analysis shows that, across both military and non-military events, political society reconstructs the meaning of events into frames of conflict or reconciliation and mobilizes them as resources in partisan contests for political legitimacy. The media and organized civil society, in turn, present competing interpretations in parallel according to political orientation, selectively amplifying and normatively framing these interpretations, thereby intensifying the politicization of the public sphere. Public opinion, however, does not fully internalize these conflict frames. In normative judgment domains—such as perceptions of the necessity of reunification—a stable distribution centered on intermediate categories is maintained regardless of event type. In conditional and evaluative domains—such as preferences regarding the timing of reunification and satisfaction with North Korea policy—limited reactions are observed immediately after events, followed by recurrent reconvergence toward intermediate categories over time. However, in policy instrument domains, partial adjustments aligned with framing direction appear, but these do not develop into sustained attitudinal transformation. These findings indicate that public opinion differentiates judgment domains into goals, conditions, and instruments, thereby recalibrating the extent to which political conflict framing expands into broader societal division.
Taken together, the findings suggest that ideological polarization in South Korea is not the result of endogenous fragmentation within public opinion, but rather an effect of conflict frames repeatedly produced and amplified by political society. At the same time, public opinion does not function as the terminal point of politicization; instead, it operates as a process variable that regulates the extent to which political conflict diffuses into society. The coexistence of persistent political mobilization and the maintenance of intermediate-category public opinion generates a non-synchronous dynamic between political over-mobilization and opinion stability, which converges as the formation mechanism of the dual perception structure identified in this study.
By moving beyond the conventional focus on frame production and initial reception, this dissertation empirically demonstrates how public opinion recalibrates repeated exposure to conflict framing over time. Furthermore, by reinterpreting the division system not as an automatic or inevitable source of conflict, but as a structural condition that enables political society to strategically mobilize conflict frames, the study proposes an analytical framework that explains the conflict structure of South Korean democracy through the interaction between political society and public opinion.