This study aims to quantitatively estimate how the cost structure of automobile production would change if South Korea’s automotive industry were to locate production facilities in the Kaesong Industrial Complex (KIC) amid an improvement in inter-Ko...
This study aims to quantitatively estimate how the cost structure of automobile production would change if South Korea’s automotive industry were to locate production facilities in the Kaesong Industrial Complex (KIC) amid an improvement in inter-Korean relations, compared with existing domestic plants in South Korea. Historically, the economic contribution of the KIC remained limited, as only a small fraction of its originally planned scale was realized, accounting for approximately 0.03% of South Korea’s GDP in 2015. Given these constraints, there is a growing need to identify a strategic industry with substantial capital investment and strong industrial spillover effects. The automotive industry represents such a candidate, warranting an empirical cost-based assessment.
For analytical purposes, this study assumes that international sanctions are lifted, allowing automobile production in North Korea and exports to third countries, with 2025 set as the reference year for cost comparison. The production site is specified as the Kaesong Industrial Complex, while the demand market is limited to the United States, a major export destination for South Korean automobiles. Production scale is assumed to be 300,000 units annually, comparable to South Korea’s Asan plant. Cost components are categorized into direct materials, inbound logistics for parts and steel, direct labor costs, equipment and indirect labor costs, utilities and in-plant logistics, land-related costs, construction costs, outbound logistics for finished vehicles, and other overhead costs. Items such as parts prices, equipment-related costs, utilities, R&D, headquarters administration, marketing, and warranty expenses are assumed to be identical across locations and are excluded from comparative analysis. Labor productivity, although not a direct cost item, is analyzed separately due to its substantial impact on profitability. Given limited access to firm-level cost data, the study adopts an indirect estimation approach combining official statistics, prior studies, distance measures, freight rates, and construction cost indices.
The results indicate that inbound logistics costs for parts increase by an average of 28%(-4%∼+47%) compared to South Korea, while steel logistics costs rise by 17% when supplied by POSCO but decline by approximately 2% when supplied by Hyundai Steel, reflecting differences in transportation distance. Outbound logistics costs for finished vehicles increase most sharply-by an average of 282%-due to longer distances to export ports.
In contrast, direct labor costs are estimated to decline by approximately 92∼97% relative to South Korea. However, assuming North Korean labor productivity reaches only 54∼71% of South Korean levels, annual output would decrease by 87,000∼138,000 units, translating into an estimated annual revenue loss of KRW 4.7∼7.5 trillion, which significantly offsets labor cost savings. Land-related costs are estimated to be approximately 50% lower over a 50-year horizon, whereas construction costs are 29∼50% higher than in South Korea, representing a major entry barrier.
Meanwhile, Mexico, as a comparator country, offers approximately a 79% reduction in direct production labor costs relative to South Korea, about an 8% productivity advantage, free land provision, and construction costs roughly 30% lower than in South Korea, indicating competitiveness as an alternative production location for exports to the United States.
When weighted by their shares in the vehicle’s consumer price, changes in logistics and direct labor costs-together accounting for approximately 73.5% of total costs-exert a dominant influence on overall cost competitiveness. The findings suggest that automobile production in the Kaesong Industrial Complex involves a trade-off between substantial labor and land cost advantages and significant disadvantages arising from higher logistics costs, construction expenses, and productivity constraints. Cost competitiveness relative to South Korea can only be improved if logistics infrastructure is enhanced, productivity-preserving mechanisms are institutionalized, and supportive policy incentives are implemented.
Despite limitations stemming from reliance on indirect cost estimation due to data constraints, this study systematically decomposes the cost structure of automobile production in the Kaesong Industrial Complex and provides a quantitative comparison of cost-saving and cost-increasing factors. The findings offer policy-relevant insights for future inter-Korean economic cooperation and strategic decision-making by firms.