As higher turbine inlet temperatures(Turbine Inlet Temperature, TIT) and longer operating hours are required to achieve high-efficiency operation of power-generation gas turbines, improving the lifetime of thermal barrier coatings(Thermal Barrier Coat...
As higher turbine inlet temperatures(Turbine Inlet Temperature, TIT) and longer operating hours are required to achieve high-efficiency operation of power-generation gas turbines, improving the lifetime of thermal barrier coatings(Thermal Barrier Coating, TBC) has become a key technical challenge. In TBC systems, the thermally grown oxide(Thermally Grown Oxide, TGO) formed at the bond coat/top coat interface is widely recognized as a primary factor governing coating spallation and lifetime reduction, as it is closely associated with interfacial stresses during thermal cycling, TGO growth and rumpling, and the formation of mixed oxides such as spinel. In particular, reactive elements(reactive element, RE) added to MCrAlY-type bond coats can significantly affect oxidation resistance and thermal-cycling lifetime by altering TGO growth behavior and interfacial adhesion; however, the isothermal oxidation and thermal-cycling responses may vary depending on the addition level(mixing ratio), requiring optimization. Therefore, this study compared the effects of varying the mixing ratio of NiCoCrAlY and NiCoCrAlYHfSi powders on isothermal oxidation and furnace cyclic test(Furnace Cyclic Test, FCT) performance at 1,100°C, and aimed to identify the life-controlling factors through TGO microstructural evolution and interfacial fracture behavior.
The TBC system used in this study consisted of a CM939 Ni-based superalloy substrate, a NiCoCrAlY/NiCoCrAlYHfSi mixed bond coat deposited by HVOF(High-Velocity Oxygen Fuel), and an 8 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) top coat deposited by APS(Atmospheric Plasma Spray). The bond coat mixing ratios were designed as 4:0, 3:1, 2:2, 1:3, and 0:4. Immediately after coating, cross-sectional microstructures, coating thickness, and porosity were evaluated to confirm the equivalence of the initial coating quality among conditions. The chemical composition of the bond coats was quantified by EDS area analysis over 10 regions for each condition and summarized as averaged compositions. Subsequently, isothermal oxidation(0, 10, and 100 h) and FCT(50 min heating + 10 min air cooling) were conducted at 1,100°C. TGO growth, spinel formation, PEG(oxide peg) development, and interfacial fracture characteristics were analyzed using cross-sectional SEM observations and EDS analyses. The TGO thickness was defined as the vertical distance from the bond coat/TGO interface toward the top coat direction, and the entire interfacial oxide layer including spinel was regarded as TGO for thickness comparison.
The as-coated microstructural analysis showed that, although the mixing ratio was varied, the overall cross-sectional morphology of the top coat and bond coat remained similar, and the average thickness and porosity were within comparable ranges without significant differences. EDS area analysis confirmed that the Ni–Co–Cr–Al base composition was maintained at a similar level across conditions, while Hf and Si increased stepwise with increasing NiCoCrAlYHfSi fraction(toward 0:4), indicating that the intended compositional design was successfully reflected. Accordingly, the performance differences observed in subsequent isothermal oxidation and FCT tests were attributed mainly to variations in bond coat composition(Hf/Si), rather than differences in the initial coating quality.
In the isothermal oxidation tests at 1,100°C, TGO grew with increasing exposure time for all conditions; however, the growth behavior depended on the mixing ratio. When comparing TGO thickness as a function of time, 4:0 and 3:1 maintained relatively thin TGO even after 100h, whereas the overall TGO thickness increased and the thickness scatter became larger as the mixing ratio shifted from 2:2 to 0:4. EDS point analysis of the 10h TGO indicated that Al and O were the dominant constituents, but the incorporation of Ni/Co/Cr increased as the Hf/Si content increased, suggesting an enhanced mixed-oxide character. After 100h, the co-formation of spinel/mixed oxides together with an Al2O3-dominant inner TGO layer was observed, and the tendency became more pronounced toward 0:4. In other words, increasing Hf/Si content(toward 0:4) promoted spinel formation under isothermal oxidation and induced non-uniform growth of the overall TGO, which led to an increase in the total oxide-layer thickness.
In the FCT results at 1,100°C, the lifetime increased markedly for the 3:1 condition compared with 4:0(approximately 47.9% improvement), while the lifetime enhancement showed a saturating trend from 2:2 to 0:4, remaining at a level similar to that of 3:1. Fractography revealed that the primary fracture location for all conditions was the top coat/TGO interface, indicating that lifetime changes are better interpreted by variations in crack initiation and propagation resistance at the same interface rather than by shifts in the fracture location. TGO microstructural observations showed that PEG structures were clearly formed for ratios of 1:3 and higher; however, because lifetime improvement was also observed for 3:1 and 2:2 where PEG was not distinct, FCT lifetime enhancement cannot be explained solely by PEG formation. High-magnification TGO observations and EDS analyses further revealed that Hf and Si were not uniformly distributed throughout the entire TGO, but were locally concentrated in the upper TGO region adjacent to the top coat. This finding suggests that Hf/Si may strengthen bonding and adhesion at the top coat/TGO interface, thereby delaying crack initiation and propagation. Therefore, while mechanical anchoring by PEG may contribute partially at higher Hf/Si levels, the improvement in interfacial adhesion at the top coat/TGO interface associated with the local Hf/Si distribution in the upper TGO is proposed as a more dominant factor for the observed FCT lifetime improvement.
In summary, in NiCoCrAlY/NiCoCrAlYHfSi mixed bond coats, increasing Hf/Si content can promote spinel co-formation and increase the overall TGO thickness(non-uniform growth) under 1,100°C isothermal oxidation. In contrast, under FCT conditions, a small addition of Hf/Si(3:1 level) can effectively improve the fracture resistance at the top coat/TGO interface and significantly extend the coating lifetime. The results of this study provide fundamental data for optimizing the effective range(threshold level) and operating mechanisms of Hf/Si minor additions in MCrAlY bond-coat design for long-life TBCs in high-temperature thermal-cycling environments.