Global population growth has significantly increased the demand for food resources, leading to a corresponding surge in the discharge of agricultural by-products. While these by-products cause environmental pollution and economic loss when discarded, ...
Global population growth has significantly increased the demand for food resources, leading to a corresponding surge in the discharge of agricultural by-products. While these by-products cause environmental pollution and economic loss when discarded, they have recently gained attention as high-value resources rich in bioactive compounds. In this study, eco-friendly subcritical water extraction (SWE) was applied to agricultural by-products to identify substances capable of protecting the liver, a central metabolic organ highly susceptible to oxidative stress, and to validate their efficacy.
Initially, subcritical water extracts were prepared from six types of agricultural by-products (lemon peel, orange peel, banana peel, walnut shell, peanut shell, and roasted peanut skin) to evaluate their antioxidant activities. All extracts exhibited over 60% DPPH radical scavenging activity, with roasted peanut skin (RPS) showing the highest total phenolic content (2,427.8 μg GAE/mL). Subsequent screening on HepG2 cells induced with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) revealed that the RPS subcritical water extract (RPS-SWE) yielded the highest cell viability (67.5%) and was thus selected as the final sample.
To verify the hepatoprotective activity of RPS-SWE, MTT reduction, LDH release, and Colony formation assays, as well as Morphological analysis, were performed. The MTT assay results showed that cell viability, which had decreased to 32.6% due to t-BHP treatment, dose-dependently increased to 75.8% at a 2% concentration of RPS-SWE. Conversely, LDH release, an indicator of cell membrane damage, significantly decreased, confirming effective inhibition of membrane destruction. Furthermore, the analysis of cell proliferation and colony formation ability revealed that the viability rate, which was only 8.8% in the t-BHP-only group, increased more than four-fold to 37.5% in the 2% RPS-SWE group. These findings were consistent with the Morphological analysis, which showed alleviated cell shrinkage and maintenance of normal cell density, thereby proving the superior hepatoprotective activity of RPS-SWE.
To identify the chemical structure of the active substance within RPS-SWE, isolation and purification were conducted using ethyl acetate fractionation, Silica gel column chromatography, and HPLC. LC-QTOF MS analysis identified the compound as Urolithin C (molecular weight: 244.03). Urolithin C, a compound with a lactone ring structure, was confirmed as a key indicator component responsible for suppressing oxidative liver cell damage.
In conclusion, this study demonstrates that roasted peanut skin(Arachis hypogaea L.), a commonly discarded agricultural by-product, can be successfully upcycled into high-value resources through subcritical water processing. Furthermore, the identified Urolithin C presents significant potential as a natural functional material and a lead compound for the development of novel hepatoprotective agents.