This study examines the effects of audit quality and internal control over financial reporting (ICFR) on corporate credit ratings and stock returns, with the aim of identifying how non-financial factors function as information signals in both the cred...
This study examines the effects of audit quality and internal control over financial reporting (ICFR) on corporate credit ratings and stock returns, with the aim of identifying how non-financial factors function as information signals in both the credit market and the capital market. Using a sample of firms listed on the KOSPI and KOSDAQ markets in Korea from 2019 to 2024, this study analyzes the relationships among audit quality, the level of internal control, credit ratings, and stock returns. Audit quality is measured by auditor industry specialization, while the level of internal control is proxied by the size and average experience of ICFR personnel.
The empirical results show that audit quality, measured by auditor industry specialization, does not have a statistically significant direct effect on corporate credit ratings. In contrast, the level of internal control exhibits a significant positive relationship with credit ratings, as both the number of ICFR personnel and their accumulated experience are positively associated with higher credit ratings. These findings suggest that stronger human capital and expertise in internal control enhance the reliability of financial reporting, which is favorably reflected in credit risk assessments. Moreover, the interaction effects between audit quality and internal control are found to have incremental explanatory power for credit ratings, indicating that audit quality plays a moderating role in the relationship between internal control and credit ratings.
With respect to capital market outcomes, the results indicate that neither audit quality alone nor its interaction with internal control significantly affects stock returns. However, the level of internal control is positively and significantly related to stock returns, implying that investors respond more directly to firms’ internal control strength and information reliability rather than to auditor characteristics. This finding suggests that internal control serves as a more salient non-financial signal in equity valuation than audit quality.
Overall, this study provides evidence that internal control over financial reporting plays a consistently important informational role in both the credit market and the capital market, whereas the effect of audit quality is limited and primarily observed in the credit market. The results highlight the importance of enhancing the substantive operation and professional capacity of internal control systems, beyond merely strengthening external audit mechanisms. This study offers meaningful implications for corporate managers, credit rating agencies, and investors in evaluating firm risk and financial information credibility.