This study identifies the 2019 Hanoi Summit as a critical turning point and analyzes the structural transformation of North Korea’s peace discourse under Kim Jong-un. The purpose of this research is to elucidate the process through which Kim Jong-un...
This study identifies the 2019 Hanoi Summit as a critical turning point and analyzes the structural transformation of North Korea’s peace discourse under Kim Jong-un. The purpose of this research is to elucidate the process through which Kim Jong-un’s conception of peace evolved beyond a matter of foreign policy rhetoric into a core ideological foundation that legitimizes national identity and regime continuity. To this end, the study adopts the theories of socialist peace, deterrence theory, and constructivist identity theory as its analytical framework, and conducts a qualitative discourse analysis based on primary sources such as Rodong Sinmun, the Korean Central News Agency, and Kim Jong-un’s official speeches and statements.
The analysis demonstrates that North Korea’s peace discourse under Kim Jong-un initially emerged as an outward-facing language centered on diplomatic negotiation, gradually shifted toward a state-centered language of governance, and ultimately became internalized as an ontological discourse that equates peace with the very existence of the state. Prior to the Hanoi Summit (2013–2018), North Korea’s peace discourse exhibited a dual structure in which military deterrence served as its foundation while diplomatic signaling was simultaneously employed. The Byungjin Line institutionalized this structure by coupling nuclear deterrence with economic development, and during the peace offensive of 2018, “diplomatic peace” was temporarily foregrounded through summit diplomacy and conditional agreements.
However, the failure of the Hanoi Summit brought about a decisive rupture in this discursive configuration. After 2019, peace was no longer presented as the outcome of negotiation or mutual trust, but was redefined as a condition guaranteed by internal self-defensive capabilities. In his 2019 policy speech at the Supreme People’s Assembly, Kim Jong-un explicitly asserted that peace can only be ensured through military strength, thereby proclaiming a self-defensive conception of peace detached from diplomatic conditionality. This understanding was subsequently institutionalized through the 2020 “frontal breakthrough” line, the abolition of New Year’s addresses, and the intensification of military and mobilizational discourse.
From 2021 onward, peace discourse became fully internalized as a state-centered and ontological concept. The enactment of the Law on the State Nuclear Forces Policy in 2022 legally codified peace as a condition permanently secured by nuclear deterrence, presenting peace no longer as a relational outcome vis-a-vis other states but as an inherent attribute of national existence. The rise of the ideology of “Our State-First Principle” further legitimized this conception ideologically, and by 2024, peace had been completely absorbed into a governing discourse encompassing regime stability, social order, and the livelihood of the people.
This study conceptualizes these transformations as a layered transition from self-defensive peace to diplomatic peace and ultimately to ontological peace. Rather than a simple sequential replacement, this process represents a structural reconfiguration in which specific conceptions of peace are foregrounded within a single discursive system. The North Korean case illustrates how a structurally vulnerable state reconstructs peace as a language of survival strategy, deterrence, and identity formation. By introducing the concept of “ontological peace,” this research contributes to a deeper understanding of North Korea’s governance discourse and offers theoretical implications for the broader study of peace in international politics.