This study systematically investigated the effects of operating conditions of a recirculating air curtain installed at a warehouse entrance on entrance sealing performance and indoor thermal environment during the cooling period. Computational Fluid D...
This study systematically investigated the effects of operating conditions of a recirculating air curtain installed at a warehouse entrance on entrance sealing performance and indoor thermal environment during the cooling period. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted to analyze the combined influences of outdoor airflow velocity, discharge velocity, and discharge angle, and the performance was quantitatively evaluated using dimensionless centerline velocity decay, outdoor air infiltration blocking ratio, and air mixing index.
When the air curtain was inactive, entrance airflow was governed by the stack effect, characterized by a neutral plane located near the mid-height of the opening. In the absence of outdoor wind, distinct bidirectional flow developed above and below the neutral plane, with maximum pressure differences observed near the floor and the top of the entrance. The presence of outdoor wind significantly weakened this neutral-plane-driven flow structure, suppressing bidirectional exchange and inducing wind-pressure-dominated vortical flows near the entrance, while persistent indoor air leakage occurred along the lower corner region regardless of wind strength.
Under air curtain operation, the jet core momentum played a critical role in determining sealing performance. A wider nozzle width (Dw= 0.12 m) enhanced jet momentum retention, leading to higher blocking ratios, increased mixing indices, and lower indoor mean temperatures. These effects were further strengthened when height-dependent discharge angle control was applied, enabling more uniform jet coverage across the entrance height. Conversely, excessively high discharge velocities (7–9 m/s) caused strong shear-layer entrainment above the neutral plane, resulting in excessive mixing of indoor and outdoor air, increased indoor temperature, and deterioration of both blocking efficiency and mixing performance.
Analysis of the dimensionless centerline velocity decay revealed that jets discharged near the neutral plane (Z= 1.05 m) maintained strong linearity and gradual momentum decay, whereas low discharge velocity conditions (3 m/s) led to L-shaped decay behavior in the upper and lower regions of the entrance. In these cases, jet momentum became insufficient to overcome buoyancy-driven stack effects, causing jet core deviation from the centerline. When the discharge angle was symmetrically corrected to account for jet deflection, the airflow exhibited re-alignment toward the centerline, driven by the combined effects of buoyancy and induced suction near the exhaust, indicating a stabilization mechanism unique to recirculating air curtain systems.
Further evaluation using the scale of ventilation effectiveness 4(SVE4) framework demonstrated that, with discharge angle control, indoor air outflow below the neutral plane was strongly suppressed by jet momentum blocking and suction capture, regardless of discharge flow rate. In contrast, outdoor air inflow above the neutral plane exhibited a nonlinear decreasing trend, where the reduction rate diminished and locally increased during the decay process due to persistent shear-layer entrainment and induced inflow. Importantly, an increase in blocking ratio did not correspond linearly to a decrease in indoor mean temperature, highlighting the dominant role of mixing characteristics near the neutral plane rather than discharge velocity alone.
Overall, this study demonstrates that effective air curtain performance is governed by the interaction between jet momentum and buoyancy near the neutral plane, rather than by the magnitude of discharge velocity or flow rate alone. In particular, optimal sealing is achieved through discharge angle control, which stabilizes the jet structure and suppresses entrainment-driven infiltration, instead of simply increasing discharge velocity. The optimal operating condition identified in this study (VOA= 0 m/s, Dw= 0.12 m, discharge velocity Vd= 5 m/s with discharge angle control) simultaneously minimized indoor temperature rise and maximized outdoor air blocking efficiency. These findings provide a clear physical basis and practical design guidance for the energy-efficient operation of recirculating air curtain systems in open-entrance facilities