As the effects of climate change caused by global warming intensify, carbon dioxide mitigation technologies, particularly Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation (CCUS), have received considerable attention. Techniques that dissolve carbon dioxide in ...
As the effects of climate change caused by global warming intensify, carbon dioxide mitigation technologies, particularly Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation (CCUS), have received considerable attention. Techniques that dissolve carbon dioxide in water for resource utilisation have demonstrated potential in applications such as concrete mixing water, microalgae cultivation, and plant growth promotion. Therefore, precise measurement of dissolved CO2 concentration in water is essential for optimising and ensuring the reliability of these technologies. In aqueous environments, carbon dioxide is present not only as CO2(aq) but also as inorganic carbon species, including carbonic acid (H2CO3), bicarbonate ions (HCO3-), and carbonate ions (CO32-). Conventional measurement methods do not fully address this complex chemical speciation. The widely used CGP-31 sensor detects only molecular CO2(aq) and H2CO3 and is limited to concentrations up to 1,490 mg/L. Alkalinity-based calculation methods are prone to errors due to uncertainties in reaction variables, complicating the accurate determination of inorganic carbon concentration. Additionally, existing chamber techniques have primarily been used to analyse soil and atmospheric gas emissions, rather than to measure concentrations of gases dissolved in water. Given the technical challenges in directly measuring inorganic carbon concentration in water, this study quantified it by assessing both the total injected CO2 and the emitted CO2 concentrations using a sealed-chamber system. The sealed chamber was specifically designed to determine the concentration of dissolved CO2 in water, encompassing all inorganic carbon forms. Equipped with a flowmeter and gas analyser, the chamber facilitated measurement of both the total injected and released CO2. The dissolved inorganic carbon concentration was then calculated using a mass-balance approach by subtracting the emitted concentration from the total injected concentration. This method accounts for CO2(aq), H2CO3, and ionised species such as HCO3- and CO32-, thereby providing a quantitative analytical technique that addresses the limitations of sensor-based measurement methods. To assess the airtightness of the constructed chamber, CO2 was injected for a predetermined period, and the total amount injected was compared with the amount retained within the chamber. The internal CO2 concentration was also monitored after injection stopped. Results indicated that the CO2 concentration within the chamber increased linearly with injection time and remained stable after injection ceased, demonstrating no loss of CO2 from the system. Minor discrepancies between the total injected and measured internal concentrations were attributed to unit-conversion errors. Therefore, the sealed chamber developed in this study was confirmed to be leak-free and highly airtight. Following verification of the chamber’s airtightness, the dissolved CO2 concentration in water was analysed. Continuous CO2 injection into tap water resulted in a gradual increase in dissolved inorganic carbon concentration, reaching equilibrium at approximately 60 minutes, after which no further dissolution occurred. At equilibrium, the dissolved inorganic carbon concentration measured by the sealed chamber was 1,249 mg/L, corresponding to a solubility of 29.9%. Additionally, the system effectively quantified ionised species (HCO3- and CO32-) that are not detectable using conventional sensors such as the CGP-31. To investigate the impact of nanobubble technology on CO2 dissolution, additional experiments were conducted using nanobubbles. The application of nanobubbles resulted in a substantial increase in dissolved CO2 concentration, approximately 1.5-4 times higher than in tap water under identical conditions. At 60 minutes, when tap water had reached its dissolution limit, nanobubble-treated water exhibited a dissolved inorganic carbon concentration of 2,100 mg/L (53.5% solubility). Unlike tap water, dissolution in nanobubble-treated water continued for more than 60 minutes, reaching a supersaturated state at 180 minutes with a concentration of 5,488 mg/L and a solubility of 47.7%. This enhanced dissolution is attributed to CO2 remaining dissolved for extended periods within the interfacial spaces of individual nanobubbles, thereby facilitating sustained interaction with water molecules and resulting in significantly higher solubility than in tap water. This study demonstrates that dissolved inorganic carbon in water can be accurately quantified using the developed sealed-chamber system. The findings are expected to provide foundational data for estimating carbon storage capacity in water and for optimising systems within the CCUS sector.