This study aims to explore the essence of the work and life experiences of migrant workers who have obtained the Skilled Worker (E-7-4) visa in South Korea, at a time when foreign worker policy is shifting from a “short-term circulation” model to ...
This study aims to explore the essence of the work and life experiences of migrant workers who have obtained the Skilled Worker (E-7-4) visa in South Korea, at a time when foreign worker policy is shifting from a “short-term circulation” model to one emphasizing the settlement of skilled labor. To this end, in-depth interviews were conducted with twelve migrant workers who have resided in Korea for 7 to 14 years, and the data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s phenomenological method to derive the essential structure of their experiences. The findings were further analyzed using Amartya Sen’s Capability Approach and Wolff and de-Shalit’s concept of disadvantage as the theoretical framework.
The analysis reveals that the work and life experiences of these migrant workers converge into an essential structure of a “confined life”. This structure is formed through the interlocking of three dimensions: temporal, institutional/labor-structural, and self/relational. In the temporal dimension, participants were trapped in “stagnant time”, where years passed without qualitative change in their circumstances. In the institutional and labor-structural dimension, the overlapping of time poverty, visa-linked income requirements, information disconnection, and spatial isolation created a circular structure: being “confined because they cannot learn, and unable to learn because they are confined”. In the self and relational dimension, participants adopted a survival strategy of bifurcating the self—acting as a “machine” at work and a “human” outside—which entailed shrunken social relationships, identity confusion, and the “cost of choosing silence”.
Notably, a critical transformation in migration purposes occurred between the third and fifth years of residency. As their families’ immediate economic difficulties were resolved, participants’ focus shifted from wages to relational satisfaction, from mere survival to health and sustainability, and toward planning for a future in Korea. This shift was manifested as an ontological demand: “I, too, want to live as a human being”.
From the perspective of the Capability Approach, a stark “asymmetry between achievement and freedom” was revealed. While participants succeeded in accumulating income (achievement), they lacked the institutional and environmental conversion factors necessary to transform that income into education, health, and social capital (freedom). Consequently, they were in a state of “accumulation without development”, where their careers advanced while their substantive choices became increasingly restricted.
Applying Wolff and de-Shalit’s concept of disadvantage, the study identified a “cluster of disadvantage” where institutional barriers triggered a chain of cumulative deprivation: time poverty leading to educational and career stagnation, residence insecurity, and a loss of environmental control. Conversely, “fertile functionings” such as education and social relationships, which could generate positive spillover effects, remained unrealized due to structural barriers.
This study argues that South Korea’s migration policy must shift its paradigm from a resource-centered approach to one prioritizing conversion factors. It proposes alleviating time poverty as the primary intervention, expanding educational infrastructure near workplaces, and introducing a skills assessment system that recognizes education as a productive capability. Finally, it suggests establishing institutional pathways through integrated stakeholder policies linking workers, employers, and the government to ensure that skill accumulation leads to public recognition and residential stability.