Research on the Changes of Factors Influencing Tourism Industry Efficiency : A Case of the Three Northeastern Provinces in China Wang Lei = Research on the Changes of Factors Influencing Tourism Industry Efficiency —A Case of the Three Northeastern Provinces in China

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

As the inaugural heavy industry base established after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the three northeastern provinces made substantial contributions to the economic recovery and ascent of China. Nevertheless, since the 1990s, the Northeast region has encountered numerous challenges, including stagnation in industrial structural adjustments, resource depletion, population decline, and sluggish economic growth, which collectively precipitated a gradual decline in its economic development. In response to these challenges, the Chinese government proposed the "Revitalization of Northeast China" strategy in 2003, with the objective of reinvigorating the economic vitality of the region through policy guidance, industrial enhancement, and regional cooperation.Serving as a pivotal component of the contemporary service industry, the tourism sector encompasses various functions, including the promotion of local economic development, the stimulation of consumption, and the enhancement of employment opportunities. Within the framework of the revitalization strategy for Northeast China, the three northeastern provinces—Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang—progressively recognized the potential and value of the tourism industry, actively fostering the development and utilization of tourism resources with the aspiration of catalyzing economic recovery and social progress through the accelerated advancement of tourism.In recent years, the tourism industry within the three northeastern provinces has undergone substantial transformations. The implementation of relevant policies, enhancements in infrastructure, and shifts in market demand have collectively exerted a profound influence on the operational efficiency of the tourism sector. Nonetheless, despite achieving certain results, the efficiency of the tourism industry in Northeast China continues to face numerous challenges, including inefficient resource allocation, inadequate market competitiveness, and inconsistent service quality.In this context, a comprehensive examination of the variations in tourism industry efficiency across the three northeastern provinces facilitated the assessment of the effectiveness of revitalization strategies for the region and provided a critical foundation for future policy adjustments and industrial innovation. This paper employed the DEA model and Malmquist Index method to conduct both static and dynamic analyses of the tourism industry efficiency in Northeast China from 2005 to 2021. The study identified the characteristics and trends in the efficiency changes within the tourism industry. Additionally, a Tobit model was used to perform a regression analysis on factors affecting tourism efficiency, clarifying the significance of each factor in influencing efficiency changes and providing guidance for improving tourism industry efficiency in Northeast China. The primary research content of this article was organized as follows: First, employing a literature analysis methodology, this study gathered both Chinese and international research on tourism industry efficiency from academic platforms such as China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Google Scholar, and RISS. It systematically organized the theoretical framework of regional tourism economic development and constructed a comprehensive measurement index system for tourism industry efficiency, followed by extensive data collection.　 Secondly, the DEA-BCC model was used to calculate the efficiency of the tourism industry in the three northeastern provinces from 2005 to 2021. The static overall efficiency (OE), technical efficiency (TE), and scale efficiency (SE) values for each year were obtained, and the static changes in tourism efficiency in the three northeastern provinces were analyzed year by year. Thirdly, the Malmquist Index method was employed to evaluate tourism industry efficiency in the three Northeastern provinces from 2005 to 2021, resulting in the calculation of the total factor productivity (TFP) ratio. This analysis, in conjunction with the segmentation of China’s five-year economic development plans, divided the period from 2005 to 2021 into four distinct stages for dynamic analysis. Finally, the Tobit model was introduced to conduct a regression analysis of the influencing factors affecting changes in tourism industry efficiency, elucidating the significance of these factors and offering strategic guidance for enhancing the efficiency of the tourism industry. The principal findings of this study were articulated as follows: (1) The overall efficiency of the tourism industry in the three northeastern provinces from 2005 to 2021 was mainly affected by scale efficiency, and the overall development of technical efficiency was relatively slow. Liaoning Province performed better than Jilin and Heilongjiang in both overall efficiency and technical efficiency, showing more effective resource allocation and utilization. Although the overall efficiency of Jilin Province had been improving year by year, scale development was slow, which seriously affected the improvement of overall efficiency. Heilongjiang needed to carry out in-depth reforms in terms of technology and scale efficiency. (2) The Total Factor Productivity (TFP) values of tourism industry efficiency across the three northeastern provinces exhibited irregular fluctuations from 2005 to 2021, with notable variations in the performance of each province. The aggregate TFP value exceeded 1, signifying an enhancement in the total factor productivity of the tourism industry, wherein technological progress and improvements in technical efficiency assumed critical roles at various stages across different provinces. Jilin Province demonstrated the most remarkable overall performance, particularly regarding technical efficiency and innovation capabilities. Liaoning Province commenced with a high baseline; however, it continued to encounter challenges, particularly the observed decline in TFP during Phases II and III. Strategic measures needed to be implemented to stabilize and enhance productivity. Conversely, Heilongjiang Province consistently exhibited weak performance in both technical and scale efficiency, necessitating a concentrated focus on reform and enhancement, despite the stabilization of technical efficiency in Stage III. (3) The analysis results derived from the Tobit model regarding the factors influencing the overall efficiency of the tourism industry across the three northeastern provinces indicated that the level of economic development, tourism industry structure, accessibility to tourism, and capacity for tourism reception exerted a significant positive influence on tourism industry efficiency (Y). Conversely, tourism resource endowment demonstrated a significant negative impact on tourism industry efficiency (Y). Furthermore, the degree of digital informatization, represented by the number of Internet users, along with government intervention in tourism and the manpower support within the tourism industry, appeared to have no discernible impact on tourism industry efficiency (Y). Based on the findings articulated in this study, the following targeted recommendations are put forth to elevate the efficiency of the tourism industry: Reconfigure the structure of the regional tourism industry and expedite the process of industrial transformation and upgrading; Optimize the utilization of tourism resources and enhance resource efficiency; Advance the development of tourism infrastructure and accelerate the implementation of smart tourism initiatives; Refine tourism support policies and foster the diversified development of local economies. Key words: Tourism industry efficiency ; China's three northeastern provinces ; DEA-BCC model ; Malmquist Index ; Tobit model

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. Introduction 1
• 1. Research Background and Significance1
• 2. Research Method and the Technical Route 8
• 3. Research Content and Innovation Point 11
• II. Literature Review and Theoretical Basis 15
• 1. Literature Review 15
• 2. Theoretical Basis57
• III. Research Design 82
• 1. Research Subject82
• 2. Research Model83
• 3. Indicator System 95
• IV. Empirical Research104
• 1. Data Processing and Statistical Analysis 105
• 2. Tourism Industry Efficiency (DEA Model) Analysis of the
• Three Northeastern Provinces 106
• 3. Tourism Industry Total Factor Productivity （TFP) Analysis of
• the Three Northeastern Provinces118
• 4. Tourism Industry Efficiency Characteristics of the Three
• Northeastern Provinces 135
• V. Analysis of Factors Influencing Tourism Efficiency in
• the Three Northeastern Provinces 140
• 1. Determination of Influencing Factors140
• 2. Tobit Model Building 146
• 3. Data Testing and Regression Analysis 147
• VI. Research Conclusion157
• 1. Conclusion 157
• 2. Suggestion 160
• 3. Limitation162
• Reference163
• 한글초록174
• Appendix 177
• Acknowledgements 199