The Seychelles–Chagos Thermocline Ridge (SCTR) in the southwestern tropical Indian Ocean is a prominent upwelling region, which is strong at subsurface. The temperature variability at subsurface is related with Sea Surface Temperature (SST) variabil...
The Seychelles–Chagos Thermocline Ridge (SCTR) in the southwestern tropical Indian Ocean is a prominent upwelling region, which is strong at subsurface. The temperature variability at subsurface is related with Sea Surface Temperature (SST) variability in the SCTR. The suppression of the upwelling in the SCTR is important role of the SST warming in this region. The upwelling in the SCTR can be suppressed by downwelling Rossby waves generated during the positive phase of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and/or El Niño. Although the co-occurrence of positive IOD and El Niño is known to induce stronger upwelling suppression, the mechanisms driving this phenomenon are not yet fully understood. This study explores the upwelling suppression events in the SCTR from 1968 to June 2024, with a relationship with tropical climate variabilities including positive IOD and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
Through long-term reanalysis data from 1968 to 2017, nine major upwelling suppression events were identified over the 50-year period, with seven occurring 3–6 months after the simultaneous peaks of positive IOD and El Niño in the eastern Indian Ocean. However, some events, such as those in 2011–2012 and 1978–1979, were driven primarily by local wind anomalies, indicating that upwelling suppression can occur even in the absence of strong remote forcing from positive IOD or El Niño. These findings emphasize the importance of local wind dynamics, such as anticlockwise wind anomalies over the SCTR, in contributing to upwelling suppression.
In situ observations from May 2019 to June 2024 at Station K (8° S, 61° E) further illustrate the complexity of upwelling suppression mechanisms focused on the remote wind effects. Observations including Pressure-recording Inverted Echo Sounders (PIES) and subsurface temperature sensors captured the abnormal suppression of upwelling in December 2019 and December 2023, both of which resulted in the deepening of the mean 20 °C isotherm (D20) to approximately 140 m, and maximum of D20 to approximately 150 m. The 2019 suppression event, despite the absence of El Niño, was driven by a prolonged and strong positive IOD sustaining 8 months, with a strong SST difference between western and eastern Indian Ocean of 1.64 °C exceeding four standard deviations. The strength of the downwelling Rossby waves in 2019 was similar to that in 2023, when both positive IOD and El Niño occurred, highlighting that an extended positive IOD can cause significant suppression of the upwelling similar to that caused by the co-occurrence of positive IOD and El Niño.
This study investigates the upwelling suppression events in the SCTR, highlighting the significant roles of both remote and local wind forcing related to tropical climate variabilities. Through the analysis of reanalysis datasets and recent in situ observations from 1968 to 2024, ten major upwelling suppression events linked to positive IOD and/or ENSO conditions were identified. Notably, eight of these events occurred when positive IOD and ENSO coexisted, amplifying the suppression of upwelling depending the remote wind forcing. However, in 2011 and 2019, upwelling was suppressed solely due to a positive IOD, demonstrating that positive IOD alone can have a profound influence on upwelling suppression.
The 2019 suppression event is particularly significant as it showcased an extreme upwelling suppression comparable to events where both positive IOD and ENSO co-occurred associated with remote wind forcing. This indicates that a prolonged and strong positive IOD can independently lead to significant deepening of the thermocline and suppression of upwelling in the SCTR. Further analysis reveals that local wind anomalies, particularly anticlockwise wind patterns over the SCTR, can suppress the upwelling even in the presence of weak remote forcing, as observed in the 2011 events. This underscores the importance of local wind dynamics, which can be the effects of climate variability. The findings of this study offer a deeper understanding of upwelling variability in the SCTR, which is crucial for improving predictability in climate systems in the Indian Ocean.