As global energy transitions broaden the scope of gas utilization, real‑time monitoring of hazardous gases has emerged as a critical issue not only in industrial settings but also in everyday environments. This trend demands the development of high...
As global energy transitions broaden the scope of gas utilization, real‑time monitoring of hazardous gases has emerged as a critical issue not only in industrial settings but also in everyday environments. This trend demands the development of high‑performance gas sensors capable of reliable operation under extreme conditions. Gas sensors have been developed of various types, such as optical, colorimetric, acoustic wave, and chemoresistive based on diverse operating principles. Among these, chemoresistive gas sensors are particularly attractive due to their low cost, compact size, and simple device structure, as well as their facile integration with existing electronic systems for the implementation of Internet of Things based real‑time monitoring. Chemoresistive sensors operate by detecting changes in the electrical resistance of sensing materials upon gas exposure, with metal oxides being most commonly employed. Although metal oxides offer excellent sensing performance, they typically require high operating temperatures (≥ 200 ˚C) and exhibit low selectivity. These characteristics necessitate external activation via thermal or light, which increases power consumption and complicates device structure. Therefore, developing gas sensors capable of room temperature (RT) or low temperature operation while meeting the performance requirements of diverse detection environments is essential.
Overcoming the limitations of metal oxides has driven research into various materials for gas sensor applications, including transition metals, 2-dimensional (2D) materials. Transition metals have catalytic effect toward specific gases, enabling effective sensing at room temperature. 2D materials have narrower band gap and higher specific surface area than metal oxides, which strong gas adsorption and charge transport. Despite the advantages of both materials, additional strategies are required to realize high-performance sensors with secured stability. For selective detection and stability under varying environmental conditions, coating the sensing layer with porous materials or gas permeable polymers has proven effective. This approach enables selective gas sieving, blocks interfering gases, and improves sensor reliability in harsh environments. Accordingly, this research aims to maximize sensing performance through precise control of the properties and thin film structures of transition metals and 2D materials, and to realize high‑performance gas sensor devices by integrating appropriate appropriately selected sieving materials.
The first strategy of enhancing gas sensing performance using binary transition metal alloying is handled in Chapter 2. By alloying two transition metals, additional characteristics can be conferred to the sensing material. Specifically, this study alloyed high H2 affinity Pd with high chemical stability Au to improve the durability of the sensor. By controlling the alloy composition, the Pd-H phase transition was suppressed. This enabled H2 detection over a wide concentration range at RT. The effects of the alloying elements were theoretically analyzed and demonstrated with experimental results through density functional theory (DFT) simulations.
The second strategy of maximizing gas selectivity by implementing heterostructure between 2D materials and 2D porous materials is handled in Chapter 3. Among the transition metal dichalcogenide materials, SnS2 is 2D semiconductor with a narrow bandgap (2.3 eV), making it suitable for low temperature operation. To enhance its reactivity, nanostructured SnS2 films were synthesized in the form of nanoflakes, increasing the exposure of edge sites. Due to its high gas reactivity, SnS2 is also sensitive to trimethylamine and NH3, which are major interfering gases in H2S detection. We have significantly improved the selectivity of the sensor by using a 2D metal-organic framework (MOF) that selectively permeates only H2S. This 2D MOF forms a heterostructure with SnS2 through van der Waals interactions, and effectively exhibits a sieving effect. Furthermore, fabrication of flexible sensor devices on bendable substrates, demonstrating strong potential for integration into various platforms.
The third strategy of integrating ternary metal alloys with gas permeable polymers to develop high-performance gas sensors operable in harsh environment in Chapter 4. Based on the hydrogen sensing mechanism of transition metals, DFT screening was conducted to efficiently identify optimum alloy elements. The resultant Pd–Au–Zr ternary alloy maintained the stability characteristic of Pd–Au binary alloys while enhancing hydrogen sensing performance. The selected ternary alloy was fabricated into nanoparticle‑based thin films, maximizing hydrogen detection sensitivity and response speed. To ensure stable operation in high‑humidity and interfering gas environments, the sensor surfaces were coated with hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and gas‑permeable polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), thereby improving device durability and reliability.