The assembly of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) into macroscopic fibers has garnered considerable interest due to the nanotubes’ unparalleled intrinsic strength, conductivity, and stiffness. SWCNT fibers hold promise for applications ranging...
The assembly of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) into macroscopic fibers has garnered considerable interest due to the nanotubes’ unparalleled intrinsic strength, conductivity, and stiffness. SWCNT fibers hold promise for applications ranging from aerospace composites to next-generation wearable electronics, owing to their exceptional specific properties. However, despite growing industrial demand for fibers that more closely approach the theoretical performance of individual nanotubes, current fabrication techniques often yield material with suboptimal alignment, residual defects, and limited load transfer between bundles. Consequently, there is a pressing need for research aimed at enhancing SWCNT fiber properties, specifically strategies that address alignment, and interbundle reinforcement, to realize fibers whose mechanical and electrical characteristics fully leverage the inherent advantages of SWCNTs.
In this study, an electric field–assisted wet spinning was implemented to address densification during fiber formation. By applying an electric field between the spinneret and plunger, CNT bundles experience an electrostatic torque that orients them along the fiber axis as the dope jet propagates. The electric field moves and aligns the protonated CNTs toward the spinneret, creating a denser packing state that prevents CSA from diffusing during the solvent–non-solvent exchange. This in-situ alignment produces straighter, more uniform fibers at the point of coagulation. The resulting fibers exhibit visibly smoother surfaces and fewer macroscopic voids. The trapped CSA increases electrical conductivity, and the densification achieved through enhanced alignment leads to improved mechanical properties.
To confirm defect engineering to optimize CNT purity and enhance interface, CNTs were thermally annealed under air atmosphere and then subjected to acid oxidation. Thermal annealing effectively removed amorphous carbon and residual catalyst particles, while acid oxidation introduced a controlled density of oxygen-containing groups on the CNT sidewalls. As a result, functionalized CNTs permitted CSA to penetrate both the interior and exterior of the tubes, enabling more uniform dispersion in chlorosulfonic acid (CSA). Furthermore, the introduced carboxyl and hydroxyl groups form dynamic hydrogen bonds with CSA, so that even when fibers with disrupted internal ordering are stretched, the CNTs realign and, during sliding, create new and strong interfacial interactions leading to high strength and toughness. The trapped CSA also increases electrical conductivity.
To further enhance alignment and interbundle load transfer, we combined electric-field alignment with the use of high-aspect-ratio CNTs and in-situ infiltration of poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole) (PBO) during spinning. High-aspect-ratio CNTs, when subjected to the same field conditions, undergo more pronounced rotation and bundle stretching, due to their longer length, which reinforces alignment. At the same time, PBO dissolved in the dope co-flows with CNTs and precipitates around the bundles during coagulation, forming a continuous polymeric network. Experimentally, fibers produced under this combined strategy show consistently smooth surfaces without evidence of polymer pooling or bundling defects. These hybrid fibers demonstrate markedly improved strength, modulus, toughness and electrical conductivity.