Inflammation is a fundamental biological response to tissue injury or infection, essential for initiating repair and regeneration. However, chronic inflammation often drives pathological tissue remodeling, impairing regeneration and contributing to di...
Inflammation is a fundamental biological response to tissue injury or infection, essential for initiating repair and regeneration. However, chronic inflammation often drives pathological tissue remodeling, impairing regeneration and contributing to disease progression. Among the mediators involved, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a physiologically active eicosanoid that has been extensively studied for its roles in both tissue regeneration and detrimental inflammatory responses. However, the mechanistic link connecting its divergent roles remains poorly understood.
This study investigates the dichotomous roles of PGE2 in the intestinal epithelium through two distinct approaches, partial in vivo reprogramming and controlled PGE2 exposure models. Recent advances in partial in vivo reprogramming, particularly through the transient expression of Yamanaka factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc; OSKM), enables the restoration of youthful gene expression profiles and regeneration potential within tissues even in injury-free contexts. Building on this concept, partial OSKM induction in the intestinal epithelium was found to drive autonomous PGE2 synthesis via epithelial-specific Ptgs1 activation, distinct from traditional injury-induced regeneration pathway relying on mesenchymal Ptgs2 activation. This PGE2 mediated reprogramming environment fosters the emergence of cells phenotypically similar to injury-responsive populations, implicating prostaglandin signaling as a key mediator of injury-free epithelial regeneration. The duality of PGE2 is evident in the findings of controlled PGE2 exposure models, where acute PGE2 exposure promoted epithelial regeneration, while prolonged exposure to PGE2, resembling conditions of chronic low-grade inflammation such as those seen in aging or inflammatory bowel disease, led to a skewing of intestinal lineage differentiation. Specifically, chronic, low-grade elevation of PGE2 induced lineage skewing towards secretory cell fates via stem cell niche modification, Notum-mediated inhibition of Wnt signaling within Paneth cells. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of Notum restored balanced differentiation and promoted effective regeneration, emphasizing the delicate balance between the regenerative and pathological roles of prostaglandin signaling under chronic conditions. Together, these findings establish PGE2 as a bifunctional regulator of intestinal epithelial plasticity, promoting regeneration when transiently activated, but driving pathological remodeling under chronic exposure. These findings offer mechanistic insights into inflammation-driven epithelial remodeling and propose targeted strategies for leveraging regenerative signaling while minimizing pathological consequences, an essential advancement for future inflammation-aware regenerative therapies.