Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by sustained hyperglycemia, which can lead to serious complications such as neuropathy, retinopathy, renal failure, stroke, and cardiovascular disease. It is broadly classified into type 1 diabet...
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by sustained hyperglycemia, which can lead to serious complications such as neuropathy, retinopathy, renal failure, stroke, and cardiovascular disease. It is broadly classified into type 1 diabetes, caused by insulin deficiency, and type 2 diabetes, primarily driven by insulin resistance. In this study, I propose ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1), Wolfram syndrome 1 (WFS1), and CDGSH iron sulfur domain 2 (CISD2) as diabetes-related genes, and elucidate their underlying molecular mechanisms. Insulin resistance, a hallmark of type 2 diabetes, results from disrupted insulin signaling. I demonstrate that UCHL1, a deubiquitinating enzyme, regulates insulin signaling by deubiquitinating and stabilizing insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1). UCHL1 exhibits substrate specificity for IRS1 over its paralog UCHL3, conferred by its substrate recognition loop. Additionally, Cullin 1 (CUL1) plays an antagonistic role by ubiquitinating IRS1 at lysine residues K523, K538, K759, K867, and K943, which overlap with UCHL1’s targets. Pharmacological inhibition of CUL1 using a neddylation inhibitor restores impaired insulin signaling in UCHL1-deficient cells. Wolfram syndrome is a rare genetic disorder primarily associated with juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, diabetes insipidus, and sensorineural hearing loss. WFS1 and CISD2 are causative genes of Wolfram syndrome types 1 and 2, respectively. I establish cellular and Drosophila models of Wolfram syndrome and find that deficiency of WFS1 or CISD2 disrupts ER calcium homeostasis, leading to type 1 diabetes–like phenotypes. Notably, WFS1 and CISD2 mutually compensate for each other’s loss in vivo. Mechanistically, both proteins physically interact with and regulate inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) activity. A synthetic CISD2-derived peptide containing its CDGSH domain restores calcium homeostasis in WFS1- and CISD2-deficient cells and ameliorates diabetes-like phenotypes in mutant flies. Moreover, a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP)-conjugated form of the CISD2 peptide effectively rescues calcium dysregulation, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic candidate for Wolfram syndrome and type 1 diabetes. Collectively, these findings identify UCHL1, WFS1, and CISD2 as critical genetic factors in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus, acting through insulin signaling and calcium homeostasis. This study deepens the molecular understanding of diabetes and provides a conceptual basis for the development of targeted therapeutic strategies.