This study presents a comprehensive structural analysis of consumer demand for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in Thailand, employing a random coefficients discrete choice model within the Berry, Levinsohn, and Pakes (BLP) framework. Drawing on marke...
This study presents a comprehensive structural analysis of consumer demand for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in Thailand, employing a random coefficients discrete choice model within the Berry, Levinsohn, and Pakes (BLP) framework. Drawing on market-level data across 300 markets from 2020 to 2024, the analysis aims to uncover heterogeneous consumer preferences, estimate willingness to pay (WTP) for key BEV attributes, evaluate the effectiveness of government subsidy programs (EV 3.0 and EV 3.5), and assess supply-side cost structures. The demand model incorporates critical product characteristics, including price, driving range, fuel economy, seating capacity, and brand origin, while allowing for individual-level heterogeneity through normal and log-normal distributions.
Estimation results reveal that Thai consumers exhibit strong disutility for higher BEV prices, with significant variation in price sensitivity across individuals. Driving range has a positive and statistically significant effect on utility, and heterogeneity in its valuation confirms that range anxiety remains a barrier to adoption. Fuel economy, measured by operating costs, negatively affects utility, indicating that consumers prefer more energy-efficient models. Seating capacity also increases utility, particularly for family or multipurpose usage. Analysis of brand preferences reveals strong consumer bias toward Western brands, particularly from Germany, the UK, and the U.S., while domestic and certain Asian brands are viewed less favorably.
The study estimates a supply-side marginal cost function based on log-transformed vehicle characteristics and a time trend. Results show that longer range, greater energy efficiency, and larger vehicle size are associated with significantly higher production costs. However, a negative and significant time trend indicates declining marginal costs over time, reflecting the effects of technological progress and production learning curves.
Willingness-to-pay analysis offers further insight into consumer valuation. On average, Thai consumers are willing to pay 0.1711 million baht (approximately USD 4,962) for every additional 100 kilometers of range, -0.2602 million baht (approximately USD 7,546) to reduce energy costs per 10 kilometers, and 0.1032 million baht (approximately USD 2,993) for each additional seat. The WTP estimates offer monetary benchmarks for policy design and product development, helping align subsidies with consumer priorities and inform differentiated product strategies.
Post-estimation policy simulations assess the impact of Thailand’s EV 3.0 (2022–2023) and EV 3.5 (2024–2025) subsidies by comparing actual market outcomes to counterfactual no-subsidy scenarios. The findings show that national BEV sales increased by 14.51% in 2022, 15.41% in 2023, and 9.02% in 2024, resulting in a cumulative sales boost of 12.49% due to the subsidies. Regional analysis reveals that subsidies were particularly effective in Northeastern, Northern, and Southern provinces, where adoption increased by over 18% in some areas, highlighting the importance of regionally targeted incentives.
The study also confirms the importance of subsidy thresholds. BEVs priced under 2 million baht (approximately USD 58,000) were eligible for differentiated incentives based on battery capacity, ranging from 80,500 to 172,000 baht (approximately USD 2,333 - 5,000). Simulation results suggest that technological upgrades alone, such as increasing battery size, may raise marginal costs and equilibrium prices, leading to reduced demand unless matched by supportive policies.
The findings highlight the crucial role of well-calibrated and geographically targeted subsidies in promoting BEV adoption. To meet Thailand’s ZEV 30@30 goals, continued investment in subsidies, infrastructure, and localized production will be essential. The research provides actionable insights for developing integrated policies that promote Thailand’s electric mobility transition, offering a data-driven contribution to the broader literature on the adoption of clean vehicle technologies in emerging markets.