Green spaces play a critical role in delivering ecological benefits and enhancing human well-being in urban environments. However, challenges related to their quantity, size, and spatial distribution often reflect deeper systemic problems, such as fra...
Green spaces play a critical role in delivering ecological benefits and enhancing human well-being in urban environments. However, challenges related to their quantity, size, and spatial distribution often reflect deeper systemic problems, such as fragmented connectivity, unclear conservation and restoration strategies, and significant social and spatial inequities. Despite growing attention to urban green infrastructure, existing research still lacks a comprehensive integration of ecological and social dimensions in green space planning. In particular, landscape connectivity, which is essential for maximizing ecological functions and ensuring equitable access, remains largely underexplored.
This study proposes an integrated framework to advance urban green space planning toward increased, connected, and equitable green welfare. By employing connectivity analysis alongside spatial equity metrics, we identify priority areas for green space conservation and restoration that address both ecological needs and social considerations. Using a multidisciplinary approach, we evaluate the current distribution and connectivity of urban green spaces and assess their capacity to support biodiversity, enhance carbon sequestration, improve green space accessibility, and promote urban green equity. The research is structured around four case study sites, each offering distinct insights into the challenges and opportunities for integrated green space planning in diverse urban contexts.
The first part of the study (Chapter 2) was conducted in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan area of China. In this part, I incorporated landscape connectivity theory to construct a green ecological network and analyzed its topological features and landscape patterns. This work was part of a published paper which subsequently examined the relationship between the topological index of network nodes and the landscape pattern index of ecological source areas, as well as an assessment of the node’ contributions to overall carbon stock through correlation analysis between the carbon stock of nodes and sources. It provides a scientific and quantifiable reference for identifying potential green ecological networks in sustainable cities and optimizing their structural design. This part also serves as a preliminary study for the following part (Chapter 5), which focuses on developing the urban green space network.
The second part (Chapter 3), conducted a case study in Seoul, South Korea, where we initially quantified the landscape connectivity changes from 2001 to 2018 using the probability of connectivity (PC) and integral index of connectivity indices. Subsequently, we calculated the importance of each forest patch for four different years and ranked the potential contribution of each patch based on data from 2018 using the delta values for PC index (dPC). Our results showed that forest landscape connectivity in Seoul increased significantly from 2001 to 2018. In all four years, the ten forest patches with the highest dPC values remained nearly unchanged and were large in size; however, the individual area of each patch was not strictly related to its importance for connectivity. Based on these findings, we further examined the potential effect that the afforestation of habitat patches smaller than 20 hectares would have on the overall forest landscape connectivity in Seoul. We also identified the 50 most important patches for afforestation using six land use and land cover types to provide a guide for effective afforestation efforts in Seoul.
The third part of the study (Chapter 4) was conducted in Austin City, Texas, USA. We addressed green space equity by examining both the coverage and connectivity of urban green space (UGS). Specifically, we used very high-resolution land cover and tree canopy cover data, census data with key socioeconomic and demographic statuses (e.g., age group, income race/ethnicity, the Areal Deprivation Index), which were all analyzed at the block group (n= 612) after removing those block groups with a population of less than 500 and a median household income of $0. Our findings indicate, first, that UGS connectivity is positively correlated with UGS accessibility. Second, disparities exist in both UGS connectivity and accessibility. Third, there is a positive correlation between UGS spatial patterns and both accessibility and connectivity. The specific spatial patterns that have a significant influence include park coverage, tree canopy connectivity, and mixed vegetation connectivity. Based on these results, we conducted spatial regression analysis to identify census block groups with low levels of accessibility and connectivity. These were then overlaid with groups where improvements in park coverage, tree canopy connectivity, and mixed vegetation connectivity could most effectively enhance UGS accessibility and connectivity. Addressing equity through the lens of landscape connectivity offers a practical and impactful approach to promoting a fairer distribution of green spaces, particularly from a needs-based perspective.
In the fourth part (Chapter 5), conducted in Suwon City, South Korea, urban green space networks were developed in Suwon City, South Korea, using Linkage Mapper. The spatial extent for corridor construction was identified through a weighted overlay analysis, considering the current quality of corridors in terms of biodiversity and green space provision for people. Findings indicate the identification of a total of 101 sources and 148 corridors. Additionally, 44 pinch points and 8 barrier points were determined, representing strategic points for conservation and restoration, respectively. The total area of potential additional green space is 3,087.02 ha. Of this, the general, critical, and priority restoration areas are 896.60, 977.64, and 1,212.78, respectively. Spatial characteristic analysis revealed that residential, roadside greening, and arable land were the primary types of urban green space with restoration potential, accounting for 31.06%, 20.16%, and 12.33% of the priority areas, respectively. Our study offers fresh ideas for developing urban green space networks by integrating the accessible aspect and providing spatial guidance for corridor implementation. This supports a city in achieving a win-win scenario for biodiversity conservation and the equitable distribution of urban green spaces.
This study proposes targeted interventions to enhance the ecological and social benefits of urban green spaces. These include identifying priority areas for afforestation, establishing green networks, delineating the spatial extent of urban corridors, and prioritizing equity in the tree canopy connectivity. Our findings lay the groundwork for the future development of urban green networks and contribute to the growing discourse on sustainable and equitable urban planning by highlighting the value of landscape connectivity analysis in green space interventions.