To keep the global average temperature increase within 1.5°C as outlined in the Paris Agreement, worldwide efforts are needed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is continuously strengthening guidelines i...
To keep the global average temperature increase within 1.5°C as outlined in the Paris Agreement, worldwide efforts are needed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is continuously strengthening guidelines in order to decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from vessels. In order to respond to the IMO's regulations for greenhouse gas reduction, research is being conducted to decrease fuel consumption by improving the ship's shape and structure, and to cut greenhouse gas emissions by applying new power systems.
Fuel cells based on electrochemical reactions have higher fuel efficiency than existing internal combustion engines, and both carbon-free fuels like hydrogen and ammonia, as well as conventional hydrocarbon fuels, can be utilized. The type of electrolyte in the fuel cell determines the working temperature and performance properties of the fuel cell. For Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) with ceramic electrolytes, the working temperature is significantly higher compared to Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs), widely used in mobility applications. Therefore, startup, shut down, and load variations are very difficult, making them mainly suitable for stationary power plants. However, large vessels exhibit a consistent need for power over extended durations, thereby rendering SOFCs a feasible novel power option to comply with IMO regulations pertaining to greenhouse gas emissions. However, there is a lack of quantitative studies regarding the benefits that can be gained from integrating SOFCs into the power systems of large vessels. Consequently, this study investigated the utilization of SOFCs for powering large vessels within a hybrid power system.
Initially, an analysis of the vessel's design specifications, including power consumption and steam consumption by operation mode, was conducted to evaluate the viability of a hybrid system comprising of SOFC and a power generation engine in terms of its potential to reduce CO2 emissions in comparison to an electric propulsion system utilizing a conventional power generation engine. Consequently, the research found that the installation of a 2.5 MW SOFC could contribute to a reduction of about 4.8% in CO2 emissions, while the installation of a 5.0 MW SOFC could result in a reduction of approximately 9.3%. On the other hand, when 2.5 MW of SOFC is installed, the CO2 emissions are equivalent to those of the mechanical propulsion system widely used in large commercial ships. Furthermore, when the electric propulsion system is composed solely of SOFC systems, CO2 emissions can be reduced by approximately 10% compared to the mechanical propulsion system.
Subsequently, carbon dioxide emissions were examined using authentic operational data from a substantial commercial vessel to validate the feasibility of implementing an Energy Storage System (ESS) in a hybrid system consisting of SOFCs and generator engines. During this study, the Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) optimization theory was applied to obtain the numerical solution for the nonlinear objective function. The incorporation of a SOFC energy storage system alongside a 2 MW SOFC and a 4 MWh ESS results in a 6.1% decrease in CO2 emissions compared to a conventional generator engine standalone system. Alternatively, an ESS hybrid system incorporating a 4 MWh ESS has the potential to decrease CO2 emissions by approximately 0.6% in comparison to a generator engine standalone system. Even when applied as an electric propulsion system composed solely of SOFC systems, CO2 emissions can only be reduced by 3% compared to the mechanical propulsion system. On the other hand, when introducing the CO2 equivalency concept with GWP100 that considers various greenhouse gases such as N2O and CH4, a CO2 emission reduction of about 20% can be expected.
The cost-effectiveness of a SOFC hybrid system, consisting of a 2 MW SOFC and a 4 MWh ESS, was assessed by calculating the total cost of ownership over a 20-year operational period. If the assessment is evaluated based on the Well to Wake criterion that considers CO2 generated from the fuel production stage, it could be advantageous in terms of total cost of ownership even at the current carbon tax, fuel cell price, and fuel price levels. Considering the mid-term plan for greenhouse gas reduction presented at the 83rd MEPC meeting, even if it consists of only SOFC systems, a greenhouse gas reduction of about 18% compared to the 2008 baseline can be expected, and it will be difficult to achieve the mid-term plan target from 2029.
In conclusion, it has been confirmed that SOFCs can lower greenhouse gas emissions when integrated into a ship's power source. This method also ensures economic feasibility when compared to existing electric propulsion ships. However, considering the International Maritime Organization’s goal of reducing annual ship carbon emissions by 40% by 2035, it has been confirmed that it is difficult to achieve the CO2 reduction target with existing SOFCs using fossil fuels. In order to apply SOFC as a power source for ships, carbon capture technology for anode-off gas with a relatively high CO2 concentration must be applied, or a system must be designed and applied using carbon-free fuel such as ammonia or hydrogen.