Cancer stem cells (CSCs) contribute to tumor heterogeneity, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance through their self-renewal and differentiation abilities. OLFM4, a glycoprotein associated with immune evasion and tumorigenesis, is highly expressed in...
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) contribute to tumor heterogeneity, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance through their self-renewal and differentiation abilities. OLFM4, a glycoprotein associated with immune evasion and tumorigenesis, is highly expressed in various cancer stem cells, including melanoma. Dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines targeting OLFM4 are considered a promising approach to overcoming treatment resistance and reducing tumor recurrence. This study aims to develop an effective immunotherapeutic strategy by combining OLFM4-targeted DC vaccines with mechanical high-intensity focused ultrasound (M-HIFU) to enhance anti-tumor immune responses within the tumor microenvironment. We developed a DC vaccine using OLFM4 conjugated with a penetratin peptide (P-OLFM4) to improve antigen delivery and immune activation. Additionally, M-HIFU was employed to induce immunogenic cell death, release tumor-associated antigens, and increase DC migration via the CCL19/21 axis. In melanoma mouse models, the combination therapy significantly inhibited tumor growth (up to 93.9%) and lung metastasis (97%) compared to monotherapy, demonstrating increased T cell proliferation and IFN-γ production. M-HIFU also effectively promoted DC migration and cytotoxic T cell infiltration into the tumor microenvironment, enhancing the overall immune response. The synergistic effects of OLFM4-targeted DC vaccines and M-HIFU demonstrated a promising therapeutic strategy to effectively target CSCs, reduce tumor recurrence, and inhibit metastasis, suggesting potential for future clinical applications.