With the rapid increase in private sector involvement in space development, which was previously a government-led endeavor, various organizations are independently developing propulsion systems. These development trends encompass propulsion systems fo...
With the rapid increase in private sector involvement in space development, which was previously a government-led endeavor, various organizations are independently developing propulsion systems. These development trends encompass propulsion systems for reusable space launch vehicles capable of vertical landing, as well as lunar landers, thereby increasing the demand for variable thrust rocket engines. While several methods exist for liquid rocket engine throttling, the use of throttleable pintle injectors has been recognized as the most representative approach, as can be found in the examples of the Merlin engine used in SpaceX’s Falcon launch vehicle series and the Chinese lunar lander Chang’E.
The pintle injector is a type of injector for bipropellant liquid rocket engines, in which the oxidizer and fuel are injected through two distinct paths: radial orifices located on the side of a pintle structure protruding toward the center of the combustion chamber and an annular axial orifice formed along the perimeter of the pintle structure in the combustion chamber head. Due to this unique structure, pintle injectors exhibit characteristics of both impinging and coaxial injectors, and they possess numerous geometrical variables. Despite the rapid increase in studies on pintle injectors in recent years, only basic types such as continuous pintle injectors have been investigated. However, many actual applications of pintle injector in variable thrust rocket engines, such as the Apollo lunar lander descent engine, have adopted multi-slit type throttleable pintle injectors.
The multi-slit type throttleable pintle injector is a discrete type pintle injector, characterized by multiple vertically long, rectangular radial orifices. During the throttling process, the injection areas of both radial and axial flows can be controlled by adjusting the axial relative displacement between the pintle and its surrounding sleeve. Multi-slit type pintle injectors are known for their high combustion efficiency, which stems from superior mixing efficiency compared to continuous type pintle injectors. Furthermore, their vertically long radial orifices facilitate precise radial injection area control during deep throttling. However, due to their diverse geometrical variables, such as the width, height, number, and row arrangement of the slits, research on multi-slit type pintle injectors has been very limited. Therefore, this study aims to resolve this deficiency by investigating the spray and combustion characteristics of a multi-slit type throttleable pintle injector under various injection conditions and throttling levels, thereby providing fundamental design data. To understand these basic characteristics, a single-row slit arrangement with all slits arranged in the same row was selected, and three pintle tips were designed and manufactured, including cases with momentum ratios both greater and less than 1, which was reported to have exhibited the highest combustion efficiency in TRW’s previous studies. Additionally, a gas–liquid propellant combination was selected considering its applicability to methane engines, which have been actively studied and developed worldwide recently.
First, the spray characteristics of the multi-slit type throttleable gas–liquid pintle injector were experimentally investigated across a wide range of momentum ratios and throttling levels. Air and water were used as propellant simulants, and the spray angle, two-dimensional spray pattern, three-dimensional spray structure, and spray uniformity were analyzed. Based on the momentum conservation, a prediction model was derived to express the spray angle of the pintle injector as a function of injection conditions. This model was then validated with the experimental results, exhibiting its accuracy compared to spray angle prediction models of previous studies. Using laser diagnostics, spray cross-sections were visualized, and it was found that the spray pattern and structure could be broadly classified into three types, depending on the spray angle. Furthermore, the most uniform spray structure and its corresponding spray angle range were presented in terms of uniformity index of spray.
Next, the combustion characteristics of the multi-slit type throttleable gas–liquid pintle injector, using gaseous methane and liquid oxygen as propellants, were numerically investigated. To ensure the reliability of the numerical simulation, the radial flow angle and average droplet size depending on the throttling level were validated by comparing the results of cold flow experiment and numerical simulation. Additionally, the combustion numerical simulation model was validated by comparing its outputs with high pressure combustion experiment results from a previous study. The combustion efficiency, represented by the characteristic velocity efficiency, and the pintle tip surface temperature, related to the pintle tip thermal damage problem, were mainly analyzed. Within the injection conditions of this study, it was observed that the smaller the momentum ratio, the higher the characteristic velocity efficiency. The characteristic velocity efficiency was able to be roughly evaluated by mixing efficiency obtained from the cold flow experiment results. The pintle tip surface temperature was greatly affected by the internal flow field, and the highest pintle tip surface temperature was observed at a momentum ratio around 1. Therefore, it was shown that operating the pintle injector under conditions of momentum ratio less than 1 can simultaneously satisfy high combustion efficiency and an acceptable pintle tip surface temperature. However, it should be noted that these results can be affected by the geometry of the injector and combustor, and the equations defining momentum ratios may vary depending on literature.
Finally, attempts were made to improve spray and combustion characteristics through geometrical modifications beyond simply changing the number of slits. As a first method, when the slits were arranged alternately in two rows, the mixing performance increased, but the atomization performance decreased at low throttling levels, resulting in combustion efficiency decrease at the low throttling levels. Consequently, this double-row slit arrangement could be applied only to rocket engines that operate exclusively at high throttling levels. For the second method, the slit height was elongated while maintaining the opening height so that the radial flow was deflected to the axial direction, particularly at high throttling levels. In this case, there was no significant difference from the original pintle tip at the low throttling levels. However, at high throttling levels, both the mixing and atomization performances increased, resulting in higher combustion efficiency. Despite these improvements, both modification methods caused increases in the pintle tip surface temperature, and it was found that there was a trade-off relationship in which the pintle tip surface temperature had to be increased to increase combustion efficiency. Therefore, the decision to use either the double-row slit arrangement or the vertically heightened slit should be made by carefully considering the materials and cooling methods of the pintle tip.
This study can be considered as the first comprehensive investigation into the spray and combustion characteristics of a multi-slit type throttleable pintle injector. It is also significant because it partially clarified the correlation between the spray and combustion characteristics of the pintle injector. The spray angle prediction model, the optimal spray angle range for maximizing uniformity, and the combustion efficiency prediction model using the results of cold flow experiment proposed in this study are expected to be helpful in designing future multi-slit type throttleable gas–liquid pintle injectors. Further investigation and verification are still required, particularly regarding the influence of slit and combustor geometrical variables not considered in this study.