Tidal flats are coastal lowland ecosystems that are periodically inundated and exposed by tides. Despite harsh environmental conditions, these systems maintain high productivity and biodiversity, largely supported by the primary production of microphy...
Tidal flats are coastal lowland ecosystems that are periodically inundated and exposed by tides. Despite harsh environmental conditions, these systems maintain high productivity and biodiversity, largely supported by the primary production of microphytobenthos (MPB). MPB not only sustains the tidal flat food web but also plays a crucial role in enabling tidal flat ecosystems to function as carbon sinks. In response to the global climate crisis, there is increasing recognition of the importance of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and expanding carbon sinks, with growing attention directed toward blue carbon stored in coastal ecosystems. While MPB contributes to carbon sequestration in both vegetated and unvegetated tidal flats, previous studies have predominantly focused on unvegetated systems, and there has been a lack of research on MPB productivity in mangrove forests. Consequently, the contribution of MPB in vegetated systems may have been underestimated, leading to a potential undervaluation of the blue carbon capacity of vegetated tidal flat ecosystems. Furthermore, even in unvegetated tidal flats, comprehensive consideration of carbon fluxes has been limited, due to the constraints of long-term monitoring and a lack of quantitative assessments of carbon dynamics.
The Korean government has declared carbon neutrality by 2050 and set a national target of sequestering 1.36 million tons of carbon through blue carbon ecosystems. Given the extensive distribution of unvegetated tidal flats in Korea, the role of MPB is expected to become increasingly important. Nationwide assessments of MPB production are therefore essential. Since regional environmental conditions significantly influence MPB biomass and productivity, a comprehensive, region-specific analysis is required.
This study investigated the spatial and temporal variability of MPB biomass, primary production, and resuspension across tidal flats in Korea and other climatic zones, including vegetated and unvegetated systems. Field studies were conducted in Korean salt marshes on the west coast, as well as mangrove forests in Cambodia and Australia. In the Daesan tidal flat, one-month in situ monitoring was performed to observe resuspended MPB and suspended sediment concentrations under varying wind, rainfall, and tidal conditions. Net carbon flux between tidal flats and nearshore was also quantified. In addition, a synthesis of domestic literature enabled estimation of MPB biomass and production ranges in Korean tidal flats.
The results revealed that MPB sustained photosynthetic activity in both unvegetated flats and under vegetation canopies in salt marshes and mangroves, depending on light availability. Although irradiance was limited under the vegetation canopy, resulting in lower productivity compared to adjacent unvegetated tidal flats, MPB sustained measurable levels of biomass and primary production. In unvegetated Korean tidal flats, MPB productivity was 2.5 to 5.1 times higher than in salt marshes, a spatial pattern attributable to differences in elevation, light availability, and exposure duration. Clear seasonal variation was also observed in Korea; MPB biomass peaked in winter, while productivity was highest in fall, with region-specific patterns modulated by microclimatic and geomorphological factors. Seasonal contrasts in Korea were more pronounced than in Australia.
Regarding resuspension, MPB in surface seawaters increased markedly when wind speed exceeded 4 m s-1 in the upper tidal flat, indicating that wind-driven waves disturbed the sediment. Rainfall events triggered rapid, short-term MPB resuspension. Under spring tides, sediment resuspension increased, lowering the MPB-sediment ratio, whereas neap tides favored MPB dominance in the water column. Net seaward transport of MPB was observed in the upper tidal flat, but a dynamic equilibrium between inflow and outflow was maintained in the lower tidal flats.
Among the topics studied over the past 40 years in Korea, taxonomic classification and biomass estimation of MPB were dominant, while primary production has recently received attention. This study demonstrated that the mean MPB productivity in Korean tidal flats exceeds the global mean. The regional differences in MPB biomass, primary production, and primary productivity in Korean tidal flats were likely governed by the combined effects of environmental and biological parameters, such as community composition, nutrient availability, and sediment characteristics.
By quantifying the spatiotemporal variability of MPB primary production and resuspension and elucidating their relationships with environmental parameters, this study provides robust scientific evidence of the mechanisms underpinning carbon sequestration in tidal flat ecosystems. In particular, the carbon sink function of these ecosystems is interpreted with improved precision by analyzing carbon fluxes between tidal flats and the nearshore. Future research should focus on establishing long-term monitoring systems, conducting function-based ecological analyses, developing predictive models incorporating climate change scenarios, and estimating MPB production using remote sensing techniques. The findings of this study would serve as a foundational dataset for such efforts and contribute scientific validation for recognizing tidal flats as effective marine carbon sinks.