Background and objective
Oligodendroglioma (ODG) is characterized by 1p/19q co-deletion and IDH1 or IDH2 mutations. While short-read sequencing (SRS) is widely used for genomic and transcriptomic profiling, long-read sequencing (LRS) may offer additio...
Background and objective
Oligodendroglioma (ODG) is characterized by 1p/19q co-deletion and IDH1 or IDH2 mutations. While short-read sequencing (SRS) is widely used for genomic and transcriptomic profiling, long-read sequencing (LRS) may offer additional insights, particularly in detecting complex variants and transcript isoforms. However, its application in ODG remains limited. In this study, we applied LRS to characterize the genomic and transcriptomic landscape of ODG and assess its added value over conventional approaches.
Methods
Long-read whole genome sequencing (LR WGS) was performed on tumor core tissue and matched peripheral blood from an ODG patient, while short-read whole genome sequencing (SR WGS) was conducted only on tumor tissue. Additionally, long-read and short-read whole transcriptome sequencing (LR WTS and SR WTS) were performed on tumor tissue and peritumoral normal brain tissue from an ODG patient. Genomic analyses examined single-nucleotide variants and insertions/deletions (SNVs/INDELs), structural variants (SVs), copy number variants (CNVs), and tandem repeats (TRs). Transcriptomic analyses examined differentially expressed genes (DEGs), gene ontology (GO), differential transcript usage (DTU), alternative splicing (AS), and gene fusion patterns.
Results
LR WGS detected somatic SNV/INDEL and SV, particularly within repetitive genomic regions. CNV, LR WGS provided more continuous segments, reflecting a refined representation compared to the fragmented CNV segments obtained with SR WGS. In terms of TR, LR WGS facilitated the detection of TR with extended repeat copy numbers. LR WTS consistently identified downregulation of neuronal function related genes. Additionally, LR WTS exhibited reduced gene-length–dependent quantification bias. LR WTS showed differences in the detection of expression changes in neuronal and synaptic genes compared with SR WTS. Compared to SR WTS, LR WTS detected a higher number of novel transcript isoforms. Distinct gene fusion patterns emerged, with LR WTS revealing a higher proportion of interchromosomal fusions, whereas SR WTS predominantly identified intrachromosomal fusions.
Conclusion
LRS demonstrates improved detection of variants within repetitive sequences, yields more continuous CNV profiles, and enables identification of TRs with higher repeat counts. At the transcriptomic level, LRS partially alleviates gene length bias, improves detection of expression changes in neuronal and synaptic genes, uncovers additional novel transcript isoforms, and reveals a higher proportion of interchromosomal gene fusions. These findings suggest that LRS can serve as a valuable tool to expand the genomic and transcriptomic landscape of ODG. Future large-scale studies are warranted to validate the utility of LRS in ODG research.