Living cells undergo nucleosome remodeling to perform essential genetic activities such as transcription, replication, and DNA repair. Chromatin remodelers reposition DNA by disrupting its association with the histone octamer, but the precise mechanis...
Living cells undergo nucleosome remodeling to perform essential genetic activities such as transcription, replication, and DNA repair. Chromatin remodelers reposition DNA by disrupting its association with the histone octamer, but the precise mechanism remains unclear. Recent single-molecule studies of ISWI-family remodelers, along with several structural analyses, have strengthened support for the twist diffusion model, in which localized torsional strain propagates through nucleosomal DNA. However, this mechanism has yet to be broadly validated across diverse chromatin remodeler families.
In this study, the remodeling mechanism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CHD1 (yChd1) was investigated using single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET). A unique feature of yChd1 was identified: ATP binding induces transient unwrapping of nucleosomal DNA on the exit side-a behavior not previously observed in other remodelers. This unwrapping is tightly coupled to nucleosome translocation.
To explore the functional role of this exit-side unwrapping in the remodeling process, chemical step sizes were measured for yChd1 as well as for other CHD-family members, Mus musculus CHD4 (mChd4) and Homo sapiens CHD7. The results reveal that yChd1 translocates nucleosomes in stochastic 4- or 7-base pair steps per ATP hydrolysis event, whereas mChd4 and CHD7 exhibit consistent 2-base pair steps. Domain-swapping experiments between yChd1 and CHD7 further suggest that, although the ATPase domain contributes to step-size determination, additional regions—likely within accessory domains—are required to fully specify translocation behavior.
Together, these findings uncover a previously uncharacterized remodeling mechanism within the CHD family and support the plausibility of a bulge/loop propagation model, in which directional movement of DNA bulges around the histone core enables chromatin remodelers to reposition DNA in steps larger than a single base pair per ATP hydrolysis.