Elite contact-sport athletes sustain thousands of subconcussive and concussive head impacts each season. Although an isolated sport-related concussion (SRC) is typically described as a transient functional disturbance, repetitive linear and especially...
Elite contact-sport athletes sustain thousands of subconcussive and concussive head impacts each season. Although an isolated sport-related concussion (SRC) is typically described as a transient functional disturbance, repetitive linear and especially rotational shear forces can initiate persistent metabolic disruption, axonal injury, and tau-mediated neurodegeneration that may culminate in chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Definitive CTE diagnosis remains post-mortem, leaving active athletes without objective tools for early risk stratification. The objective of this dissertation bridges that gap by integrating blood-based biomarkers of neural injury, inflammation, and tauopathy with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to characterize the continuum from biochemical change to cortical physiology in athletes.
• Study I quantified plasma markers most closely associated with lifetime head-impact exposure in professional rugby players.
• Study II expanded the biomarker panel and linked molecular load to pre-frontal haemodynamics during executive-function tasks in a larger, multi-sport cohort versus age-matched controls.
Study I (pilot) Twenty-six male first-division players (20–33 y) were stratified by SRC history: None (n = 8), Once (n = 9), Multiple ≥ 2 (n = 9). Plasma Aβ40, Aβ42, total tau, and pTau181 were measured on a Simoa HD- X. Study II Seventy-six male athletes (rugby 70, boxing 3, American-football 3; 23 ± 4 y) and 24 male controls were enrolled and athletes were grouped identically. pTau181, total tau, GFAP, UCH-L1, NfL (Simoa HD-X) and IL-6, TNF-α, CRP (ELISA) were assayed. Fifteen-channel fNIRS captured pre-frontal Δ[HbO] at rest and during 2-back and Stroop tasks; cognition and dual-task gait were recorded. Analyses employed Shapiro–Wilk tests, one-way ANOVA/ANCOVA with covariates, Bonferroni post-hoc tests, partial correlations, and backward multiple regression (p = 0.05). Study I Total tau (p = 0.027) and pTau181 (p = 0.054) increased step-wise with SRC history; pTau181 correlated with concussion count (r = 0.59, p = 0.017). Aβ species showed no group difference. Study II Compared to controls, athletes exhibited higher pTau181 (+79 %), UCH-L1 (+45 %), IL-6 (+46 %), TNF-α (+32 %) and lower GFAP (–25 %) (all p < 0.05). Within athletes, pTau181 rose None < Once < Multiple and correlated with lifetime SRCs (r = 0.31, p = 0.008); IL-6 + total tau explained 22 % of pTau181 variance. Athletes in the upper pTau181 quartile (≥ 28 pg/mL) showed greater bilateral dorsolateral-prefrontal Δ[HbO] during the 2-back task than low-pTau181 peers and controls (η² = 0.10, p = 0.047). Across all participants, pTau181 related to right (r = 0.34) and left (r = 0.29) 2-back Δ[HbO] after covariate adjustment. These multimodal signatures define an in-vivo “middle ground” between the acute biomarker spikes seen immediately post-injury and the tauopathy confirmed only at autopsy, revealing that young contact-sport athletes mount compensatory prefrontal recruitment under cognitive load well before clinical symptoms appear. In conclusion, across two independent cohorts, plasma pTau181 emerged as a dose-responsive marker of cumulative head impacts and the only biomarker that both tracked SRC burden and predicted compensatory pre-frontal hyper-activation under cognitive load. Coupling a single blood draw with portable fNIRS yields a rapid, field-ready platform for early neuro-risk assessment and evidence-based return-to-play decisions in active elite athletes, shifting concussion management from reactive symptom monitoring to proactive brain-health surveillance.