Marine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is the largest pool of reduced carbon in the ocean, containing about 660 Pg of carbon, a similar amount to the total carbon content of the atmosphere. Marine DOC pool acts as climate regulator by storing organic c...
Marine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is the largest pool of reduced carbon in the ocean, containing about 660 Pg of carbon, a similar amount to the total carbon content of the atmosphere. Marine DOC pool acts as climate regulator by storing organic carbon produced by marine primary production or introduced into the ocean, for months to thousands of years. However, the processes governing its cycle are still poorly understood, largely due to the complexity of the sources and removal processes, and the analytical challenges of measuring and characterizing low concentrations of DOC in saline matrices.
Radiocarbon (14C) serves as both a chronometer and a tracer for understanding the sources and removal processes of DOC. Since its first application to marine DOC in the Central North Pacific in the late 1980s, 14C analysis has provided valuable insights into the oceanic DOC cycle. However, due to the analytical complexity of extracting DOC into purified carbon dioxide suitable for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), only a small number of research groups worldwide have reported radiocarbon signatures for oceanic DOC. As a result, there remains a significant lack of data on its global distribution.
During my master's degree, I used ultraviolet oxidation method to extract and analyze the radiocarbon distribution of DOC in seawater from the East Sea (Japan Sea). The result revealed that refractory DOC, which can persist in the ocean for thousands of years, is transported from the North Pacific Ocean to the East Sea (Japan Sea) through a shallow strait, and not significantly degraded along the way. This finding suggests that the cycling of DOC is tightly coupled across ocean basins, and that old, refractory DOC can be redistributed via surface waters. This also raises the question of whether such conservative behavior is unique to the distinct environment of the East Sea (Japan Sea), or if it is representative of processes occurring in other marine systems as well.
This dissertation extends radiocarbon-based studies of marine DOC to additional regions, including the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea, the Southwestern Tropical Indian Ocean, and the Northwestern Pacific Ocean, to investigate the fate of DOC from various sources and the persistence of aged, refractory DOC in diverse marine environments. The chapters include a general introduction to marine DOC and the application of radiocarbon (Chapter 1), methodological description emphasizing UV-oxidation method and 14C nomenclature (Chapter 2), regional studies in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea (Chapter 3), the Southwestern Tropical Indian Ocean (Chapter 4), and the Northwestern Pacific (Chapter 5), and a summary highlighting the composition, addition, and removal of refractory DOC from a radiocarbon perspective.
Chapter 3 examines the DOC cycle on one of the world’s largest continental shelves, the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. Pre-aged terrestrial organic carbon enters this area via various ways including rivers, the atmosphere, making 14C signatures a useful tracer for understanding allochthonous DOC cycle. After entering the sea, terrestrial DOC undergoes complex biogeochemical processes, leading to its degradation and transformation. By analyzing DOC concentrations, hydrographic parameters, and radiocarbon signatures, I investigated the fate of terrestrial DOC in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. The results suggest that terrestrial DOC is rapidly degraded at river mouths and enhances marine productivity as a nutrient source. No significant radiocarbon signature was found indicating that pre-aged terrestrial DOC is exported to the open ocean as a component of marine refractory DOC. Seasonal distributions of DOC radiocarbon signatures represented that the removal of aged, refractory DOC from the open ocean may occur in frontal zones, where open ocean water masses meet coastal water masses in winter.
Chapter 4 discusses the meridional distribution of DOC 14C signatures in the Southwestern Tropical Indian Ocean. Radiocarbon-based investigations of DOC cycling in the Indian Ocean are limited to only two previous studies. The present study focuses on subtropical and tropical regions along the 67°E transect, characterized by monsoon- and climate-driven surface circulation and the presence of active hydrothermal vents along the Central Indian Ridge. DOC radiocarbon signatures at three stations along the same longitudinal transect showed three distinct patterns: no significant latitudinal variation in the surface layer; significant correlations between radiocarbon signatures and density in the intermediate layer; rapid aging of DOC along the northward transport of deep-water mass compared to aging of water mass.
Chapter 5 deals with the 14C distribution of DOC in the Northwestern Pacific gyre, where surface productivity is low. I measured and compared DOC concentrations and radiocarbon signatures of both DOC and DIC at two stations collected during different cruises to discuss the dominant sources of DOC, the differing controlling processes between DIC and DOC, and the spatial variability of DOC in the Pacific Ocean. DOC concentrations were uniform below 500 m depth, but 14C signatures of both DOC and DIC decreased further to 2,000 m. The oldest radiocarbon signatures were observed at approximately 2,000 m depth for both DOC and DIC, even older than those at greater depths. When compared to radiocarbon data from the northwestern Pacific subpolar region, DOC radiocarbon signatures showed significant differences despite similar DIC radiocarbon signatures. Discussions on DIC and DOC aging, the discrepancy between DOC concentration and radiocarbon profiles, and the application of the Keeling plot approach is discussed to better understand the processes controlling DOC dynamics.