The phase stability of metals is determined by thermodynamic state variables such as temperature, pressure, and composition. Recently, it has been reported that electric current alters atomic bonding and accelerates microstructural changes, indirectly...
The phase stability of metals is determined by thermodynamic state variables such as temperature, pressure, and composition. Recently, it has been reported that electric current alters atomic bonding and accelerates microstructural changes, indirectly suggesting significant change in thermodynamic free energy. However, the focus has been primarily on microstructural changes accompanying kinetic barriers such as atomic diffusion. Here, we demonstrate that application of electric current to pure metal changes the thermodynamic stability and decreases the critical temperature of massive solid-state transformation. Transformation temperatures under heat treatment and electrothermal treatment were estimated from the changes in the microstructure, calorimetry, real-time diffraction pattern, and dilatation. Furthermore, to understand the role of electric current in transformation, finite element analysis and molecular dynamic simulations were conducted. A significant decrease in the transformation temperature of titanium and steel under electrothermal treatment becomes more pronounced with increasing current density and decreasing grain size. Electric current concentrating at grain boundaries may form charge imbalance regions, and subsequently destabilizes the parent phase, leading to decreased transformation temperature. This direct and systematic understanding demonstrates that electric current modifies thermodynamic stability of material, and furthermore, it allows us to predict the materials’ behavior under electric current.