Haploidentical related donor (HRD) is a common alternative donor strategy used when matched sibling or unrelated donors are not available for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). However, there have been no studies comparing HRD HSCT with p...
Haploidentical related donor (HRD) is a common alternative donor strategy used when matched sibling or unrelated donors are not available for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). However, there have been no studies comparing HRD HSCT with post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy) and matched unrelated donor (MUD) HSCT with antithymocyte globulin, using similar busulfan-based myeloablative conditioning regimen in pediatric acute leukemia. Here, we compared the outcomes in children and adolescents with high-risk acute leukemia after HRD HSCT with PTCy (n=35) and MUD HSCT (n=45) after targeted busulfan-based myeloablative conditioning using intensive pharmacokinetic monitoring. The median follow-up times of the HRD and MUD groups were 3.7 and 4.6 years, respectively. No engraftment failure was observed in both groups. The cumulative incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) grades II–IV (34.3% versus 48.9%, p=0.142), grades III–IV (2.9% vs. 8.9%, p=0.272), moderate to severe chronic GVHD (11.4% vs. 18.3%, p=0.417), relapse (25.6% vs. 28.0%, p=0.832), and non-relapse mortality (0% vs. 2.2%, p=0.420) were not significantly different between the two groups. The 3-year severe chronic GVHD-free/relapse-free (GRFS), leukemia-free (LFS) and overall survival (OS) rates in the HRD and MUD groups were 62.9% (95% confidence intervals [CI], 45.8%, 80.0%) versus 49.8% (95% CI, 34.9%, 64.7%; p=0.318), 74.4% (95% CI, 58.7%, 90.1%) versus 67.5% (95% CI, 53.4%, 81.6%; p=0.585), and 88.6% (95% CI, 78.0%, 99.2%) versus 83.7% (95% CI, 72.5%, 94.9%; p=0.968), respectively. In a subgroup analysis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients (HRD, n=17; MUD, n=26), the 3-year GRFS, LFS, and OS rates of the HRD and MUD groups were 49.4% (95% CI, 24.3%, 74.5%) versus 39.5% (95% CI, 19.7%, 59.3%; p=0.601), 61.8% (95% CI, 37.5%, 86.1%) versus 63.6% (95% CI, 44.4%, 82.8%; p=0.872), and 82.4% (95% CI, 64.4%, 100%) versus 84.2% (95% CI, 70.1%, 98.3%; p=0.445), respectively. In acute myeloid leukemia patients (HRD, n=16; MUD, n=16), the 3-year GRFS, LFS, and OS rates of the HRD and MUD groups were 80.8% (95% CI, 61.2%, 100%) versus 61.9% (95% CI, 37.8%, 86.0%; p=0.326), 87.1% (95% CI, 70.2%, 100%) versus 73.9% (95% CI, 51.8%, 96.0%; p=0.478), and 93.8% (95% CI, 81.8%, 100%) versus 85.6% (95% CI, 67.0%, 100%; p=0.628), respectively. Although the difference was not statistically significant and the number of patients was small, the promising outcomes of HRD HSCT in AML patients were encouraging. Our results demonstrated that HRD HSCT with PTCy using a targeted busulfan-based myeloablative conditioning shows outcomes similar to those of MUD HSCT with antithymocyte globulin. HRD HSCT with PTCy could be a feasible option for pediatric high-risk acute leukemia patients who lack an HLA-matched related or unrelated donor.
Introduction: Hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD), or sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, is a life-threatening complication following hematopoietic cell transplantation (HSCT). In pediatric patients, busulfan-based myeloablative conditioning is a major risk factor. This study aimed to identify plasma proteomic biomarkers predictive of VOD development in children undergoing haploidentical HSCT with busulfan-based conditioning and post-transplant cyclophosphamide.
Methods: Plasma samples were collected from 51 children (VOD, n=26; control, n=25) at baseline and 1–4 hours post-busulfan infusion on days -8 to -5. Proteomic profiles using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry identified 720 proteins. Differential abundance, longitudinal clustering, pathway enrichment, and machine learning-based biomarker selection were performed.
Results: The VOD group exhibited predominantly down-regulated proteins, with minimal changes from baseline during early treatment. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed distinct temporal patterns between the groups. At baseline, the VOD group showed enrichment in homeostasis-related pathways, while detoxification pathways were persistently activated post-conditioning. In contrast, the control group demonstrated early activation of detoxification pathways, which gradually declined, suggesting effective oxidative stress management. A machine learning model, trained on a discovery cohort (70%) and 30% validated on a separate cohort (30%), identified 15 biomarkers. Notably, glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GLCL), crucial for glutathione biosynthesis, and fructose-bisphosphatase 1 (FBP1), a gluconeogenic enzyme, were down-regulated at baseline in the VOD group.
Conclusion: Baseline down-regulation of proteins such as GLCL and FBP1 may serve as early biomarkers for predicting VOD, facilitating timely prophylactic interventions in high-risk pediatric patients undergoing haploidentical HSCT with busulfan-based conditioning and post-transplant cyclophosphamide.