Macrophages are the first line of defense immune cells that protect our body from invaders and also help our body maintain homeostasis. Plasticity is a unique characteristic of these immune cells, as they can differentiate into either proinflammatory ...
Macrophages are the first line of defense immune cells that protect our body from invaders and also help our body maintain homeostasis. Plasticity is a unique characteristic of these immune cells, as they can differentiate into either proinflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes. Balancing these binary phenotypes in tissues is crucial for maintaining tissue homeostasis. Once this balance is disrupted, it can lead to various diseases, such as cancer. Although it is well known that molecules such as IL-4 shift macrophages to a pro-resolving phenotype, while IFN-γ or LPS induce proinflammatory macrophages, it remains unclear whether the fate of macrophage differentiation is predetermined and how and when it is determined.
To investigate, a mouse lung metastasis model was utilized, in which macrophage phenotypes were more shifted toward M2-type, to find that PGE2 plays a role in inhibiting MHC-II+ macrophage differentiation, which is expressed mainly by M1-type macrophages. To further analyze the underlying mechanism, RNA-seq was performed to reveal that epigenetic regulation plays a role in dictating macrophage differentiation. The treatment of PGE2 induces DNA hypermethylation in MHC-II-related genes, as well as genes related to non-neoplastic myeloid cells, silencing MHC-II+ macrophage-related genes.
To further identify the epigenetic marks that cooperate to regulate the fate of macrophage differentiation, and to characterize changes upon PGE2 exposure during M1 macrophage differentiation, RNA-seq data was reanalyzed. RNA-seq analysis revealed that PGE2 specifically suppresses the positive regulation of T cell activation and proliferation functions of M1 macrophages via histone modification. Specifically, HDAC11, which plays a role in expressing antigen processing and presentation and costimulatory receptors in macrophages, and in activating and promoting T cell proliferation functions, is suppressed by PGE2-EP2 signaling. This suppression is especially effective when PGE2 exposure occurs in macrophage precursors at the common monocyte progenitor and monocyte stages.
Taken together, the fate of proinflammatory macrophage differentiation can be controlled by PGE2 specifically in cMoP and monocyte stages via DNA hypermethylation and HDAC11-mediated histone modification.