With the acceleration of China’s new-type urbanization, the pressures from regional urban expansion and ecological degradation have intensified, making the coordinated development of urbanization and ecological resilience (ER) a core issue for achie...
With the acceleration of China’s new-type urbanization, the pressures from regional urban expansion and ecological degradation have intensified, making the coordinated development of urbanization and ecological resilience (ER) a core issue for achieving regional sustainable development. As the most representative high-density urban agglomeration in China, the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) provides a valuable theoretical and practical case for understanding the interaction mechanisms between urbanization and ecological resilience. However, existing research often focuses on the simple coupling of individual human-land elements, lacking systematic and comprehensive exploration of spatiotemporal coupling mechanisms and hierarchical optimization pathways.
This study takes the YRD as the research object and follows an innovative logic of "spatiotemporal evolution–coordination evaluation–mechanism analysis–optimization strategies" to systematically reveal the spatiotemporal evolution, coordination levels, driving mechanisms, and optimization pathways of the coupling relationship between urbanization and ER. Specifically, the study first constructs a Composite Nighttime Light Urbanization Index (CNLI) using nighttime light remote sensing data and validates its scientific validity and effectiveness through multidimensional statistical indicators. The temporal trends and spatial disparities in regional urbanization levels are revealed, and remote sensing technology is used to extract built-up area boundaries. Methods such as expansion speed and expansion intensity are employed to quantify the expansion process and spatial structure evolution of built-up areas.
Second, a triadic ER assessment framework of "scale–density–morphology" is constructed, integrating methods such as ecological infrastructure constraints, ecological footprint and carrying capacity comparisons, and landscape pattern analysis. This framework assesses the scale resilience (SR), density resilience(DR), and Morphology Resilience(MR) of the YRD. An overall ER index is derived using the entropy weighting method to provide a basis for regional ecological regulation.
Finally, based on the YRD and its spatial units, the coupling coordination degree and spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of urbanization and ER from 2020 to 2022 are analyzed using a coupling coordination model. Combined with analyses of external environmental and internal factors, the study employs panel vector autoregression (PVAR) and grey relational analysis to reveal the dynamic roles of external factors and the interactive relationships among internal key elements. This provides theoretical support and practical guidance for systematic coordinated development and regulatory pathways.
The research results show that: (1) From 2010 to 2022, the urbanization level of the YRD has generally improved, with gradient convergence. Shanghai leads at a high level, followed by steady growth in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, while Anhui has shown rapid catch-up. Core cities have played a leading role, lifting the "low-value zones" in peripheral areas and gradually forming a balanced and networked spatial pattern. Meanwhile, the expansion of built-up areas has exhibited characteristics of intensive efficiency, core clustering, and spatial collaboration. The spatial center of expansion is located in southern Jiangsu, with the expansion axis dynamically adjusting from northwest to southeast. The expansion rate has slowed, and the improvement of industrial systems and optimization of infrastructure have further enhanced the economic and population agglomeration of core areas. In peripheral regions, development intensity has decreased due to ecological and farmland protection policies, and regional integration and transportation corridor construction have promoted spatial structure optimization.
(2) The spatiotemporal evolution of the ER composite index mainly reflects an overall pattern of "south-high, north-low; east-low, west-high." Zhejiang, with a high proportion of ecological land, has consistently led in resilience, followed by Anhui and Jiangsu, while Shanghai has the lowest resilience due to its high development intensity. Overall ER has undergone cyclical changes characterized by "policy-driven surges–urbanization-induced declines–ecological restoration recoveries–external shock fluctuations," demonstrating high sensitivity to external environmental factors. In terms of SR, high-value areas such as Zhejiang and Anhui have seen gradual declines due to intensified development, while low-value areas such as Shanghai and parts of Jiangsu are approaching ecological carrying capacity limits. Regarding DR, Zhejiang and Anhui have shown significant improvements, Jiangsu has exhibited limited fluctuations, while Shanghai faces severe ecological deficits, forming a "high-value belt–core low-value zone" distribution pattern. For MR, Zhejiang has consistently led, while Shanghai ranks the lowest with pronounced spatial fragmentation. High-resilience areas are mainly concentrated in mountainous regions and ecological corridors, while core cities and high-density development areas exhibit low resilience and spatial instability.
(3) The coordinated development of urbanization and ER in the YRD is generally in a state of "imbalance." Zhejiang has relatively high coordination levels but limited improvements, Shanghai experiences significant fluctuations and pressures, Jiangsu’s improvements are unstable, and Anhui is in a late-stage catch-up phase. Spatially, the coordination degree shows a pattern of "southeast-high, northwest-low," with highly coordinated areas concentrated in Zhejiang, Shanghai, and core metropolitan zones, while low-coordination regions include northern Jiangsu, northern Anhui, and western Zhejiang. Regarding the influencing mechanisms, external factors such as tax burdens, fiscal support, technological innovation, and green consumption have significant impacts, with notable differences across provinces. For example, in Anhui, tax burdens and industrial upgrading negatively affect coordination, while in Jiangsu, technological investments significantly improve coordination. In Zhejiang, fiscal support and green consumption play a prominent role in enhancing coordination. Internal driving mechanisms indicate that social services and public resource allocation (e.g., transportation, education, healthcare) have the strongest positive impact on ER. Among the constraints of ER on urbanization, DR has the greatest impact (0.712), followed by MR (0.704), while SR has the weakest constraint (0.545).
This study provides the following insights: Regarding external environmental optimization strategies, Anhui should enhance regional coordination capacity through tax reductions, green industry upgrading, and ecological compensation mechanisms; Jiangsu should focus on technological innovation as the core driving force to develop smart ecological technologies, narrow the innovation gap between northern and southern regions, and strengthen watershed governance and ecological compensation; Shanghai should optimize tax and green consumption policies, improve the efficiency of green technology transformation, and strengthen regional ecological collaborative governance; Zhejiang should increase fiscal support, promote green consumption and ecological restoration, integrate mountain development with ecological governance, and build a digital ecological management platform.
For internal environmental regulation strategies, the YRD should achieve coordinated development of urbanization and ER through dual regulation. Efforts should focus on accelerating the construction of regional big data platforms, promoting the balanced deployment of smart city technologies and public services such as education and healthcare, and optimizing employment and green transportation networks to alleviate ecological pressures in core cities. Simultaneously, dynamic control of density and development intensity should be implemented, cross-regional ecological corridors should be restored, and the ecological capacity management of peripheral areas should be strengthened to prevent uncontrolled expansion. On this basis, the sharing of ecological data and policy coordination should be advanced, unified ecological standards should be established, public participation should be enhanced, and a high-quality and sustainable coupled development model of urbanization and ER should be constructed.