The rapid progression of climate change is driving increased demand for lithium-ion batteries in the energy market, a trend expected to continue. Among the various types, cylindrical lithium-ion batteries offer distinct advantages, including standardi...
The rapid progression of climate change is driving increased demand for lithium-ion batteries in the energy market, a trend expected to continue. Among the various types, cylindrical lithium-ion batteries offer distinct advantages, including standardized formats and lower manufacturing costs compared to pouch and prismatic designs. However, their tab design and manufacturing structure make them more susceptible to internal imbalances. These electrochemical and thermal imbalances can adversely affect battery performance and accelerate degradation over their lifetime. Since it is difficult to measure these effects experimentally, model-based evaluation methods are essential. Furthermore, due to their typically lower capacity, cylindrical lithium-ion batteries require a large number of cells to be connected in packs or modules for practical applications. To ensure stable performance in these configurations, an effective battery management system (BMS) and battery thermal management system (BTMS) are critical.
This dissertation presents a numerical modeling approach to investigate the effects of electrochemical imbalances and thermal behavior on the performance and lifetime degradation of cylindrical lithium-ion batteries. In this model, degradation is primarily attributed to the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) at the electrode–electrolyte interface during charging. To efficiently evaluate long-term degradation phenomena, the model is based on the enhanced single particle model (ESPM), which significantly reduces computational costs compared to the conventional pseudo-2-dimensional (P2D) model. The ESPM framework extends from the 2D electrode scale to 3D cell and module levels, enabling comprehensive chemical, electrical, and thermal evaluations.
Since physics-based models rely on numerous parameters, a robust selection and optimization process is necessary to maintain high accuracy. This study optimizes model parameters using experimental data from constant current and cycle life degradation tests on cylindrical lithium-ion batteries with three different cathode materials. The optimization process integrates ESPM with a neural network, while a genetic algorithm (GA) adjusts the model parameters by accounting for both electrical and thermal characteristics. This approach enhances the accuracy of electrochemical and thermal predictions for lithium-ion batteries.
In addition, the study evaluates the effects of cathode open-circuit potential (OCP) profiles, tab configurations, and variations in cell capacity and size on internal electrochemical and thermal imbalances using a 3D cell model. Voltage and temperature imbalances directly affect delithiation and lithiation processes at the electrode level, which are incorporated into the 3D analysis. This enables detailed investigation of voltage and temperature distributions within cylindrical cells and the resulting imbalances in current distribution and lithium-ion capacity. The study also assesses how these imbalances influence SEI formation and capacity degradation.
Finally, using the 18650 cylindrical LIB module from the Tesla Model S, a 74 parallel 6 series (74P6S) configuration is analyzed through parallel ESPM computations. Physical responses of cells within the module are studied with a liquid coolant-based BTMS applied for heat exchange. Simulations under varying coolant flow velocities, constant current discharge, vehicle driving scenarios, and cycle life tests examine the BTMS’s effectiveness in managing temperature, current distribution, electrochemical imbalances, and capacity degradation.