Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a prevalent pathogen that chronically infects the majority of human population. Among the many features that allow such widespread HCMV infection, one is its ability to maintain a transcriptionally dormant immune-evasiv...
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a prevalent pathogen that chronically infects the majority of human population. Among the many features that allow such widespread HCMV infection, one is its ability to maintain a transcriptionally dormant immune-evasive state called latency by suppressing its own major immediate early promoter (MIEP) via epigenetic alterations. In this study, I show a novel mechanism of MIEP regulation in which the major immediate early (MIE) gene product, immediate early 1 (IE1) transcript, downregulates its own promoter activity in an m⁶A modification-dependent manner. I found that the loss of the m⁶A writer, METTL3, in host cell impedes latency establishment in these cells. Through transcriptome-wide m⁶A profiling of latently infected monocytes, I identified that the major immediate early gene product IE1 transcript is m⁶A-modified during latent infection. Using an IE1-specific m⁶A-abolished mutants, I found that m⁶A modification of the IE1 transcript was necessary for the efficient repression of MIEP, and these mutant viruses exhibited significant defect in establishing latency and progressed toward lytic-like infection in the human monocytic cell line THP-1 and primary CD14+ monocytes. My findings demonstrate that HCMV exploits the host m⁶A machinery to suppress its own lytic program to establish latency and uncover an unexpected role of immediate early gene messenger RNA (mRNA) in regulating its own expression.