The resurgence of Cimex lectularius has been accompanied by increasing levels of insecticide resistance, particularly to pyrethroids, which poses a significant challenge to effective pest management. Beyond resistance to specific target insecticides, ...
The resurgence of Cimex lectularius has been accompanied by increasing levels of insecticide resistance, particularly to pyrethroids, which poses a significant challenge to effective pest management. Beyond resistance to specific target insecticides, there is growing concern that resistant bed bug populations may develop cross-resistance to insecticides with different modes of action, thereby limiting the efficacy of alternative treatments and combination products. A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving both resistance and cross-resistance is therefore essential to inform sustainable control strategies.
This study evaluated cross-resistance levels in two pyrethroid-resistant strains of C. lectularius against ten non-pyrethroid insecticides, revealing substantial resistance to dinotefuran, a neonicotinoid insecticide. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, an integrated analysis of toxicodynamic and toxicokinetic pathways was conducted. Target-site insensitivity was assessed by screening for known and novel knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (VSSC), confirming the presence of V419L and L925I mutations in both resistant strains. Toxicokinetic investigations focused on metabolic detoxification, with synergist bioassays indicating that cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) and esterases (ESTs) play key roles in deltamethrin metabolism.
A total of 42 P450 and 24 EST genes were profiled for expression across whole-body and tissue-specific samples in resistant and susceptible strains. Differential expression analysis identified candidate detoxification genes, which were functionally validated using RNA interference (RNAi) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). RNAi-mediated knockdown confirmed the involvement of specific P450 genes in resistance to both deltamethrin and dinotefuran. FISH localized the expression of these candidate genes to the cuticle, suggesting that cuticle-based metabolic activity is a critical site of resistance.
Collectively, these findings provide molecular and functional evidence that cross-resistance in bed bugs is mediated by spatially regulated expression of metabolic genes, highlighting the importance of both tissue-specific detoxification and structural barriers in the evolution of insecticide resistance.