This dissertation investigates quantum field theories (QFTs) in regimes of large quantum numbers, where traditional perturbative or large-$N$ techniques break down, yet new analytic tools and physical structures emerge. This is motivated by two centra...
This dissertation investigates quantum field theories (QFTs) in regimes of large quantum numbers, where traditional perturbative or large-$N$ techniques break down, yet new analytic tools and physical structures emerge. This is motivated by two central objectives: (1) to understand the microscopic origin of black hole entropy in AdS/CFT by identifying and classifying nontrivial supersymmetric states at finite $N$; and (2) to gain analytic control of strongly coupled conformal field theories in sectors of large global charge and large spin, where semiclassical effective descriptions arise despite the underlying strong coupling.
The first part of this dissertation presents a systematic study of supersymmetric black hole microstates in the AdS/CFT correspondence, focusing on the $1/16$-BPS sector of 4-dimensional $\mathcal{N}=4$ super Yang–Mills theory with gauge group $SU(N)$, with $N>2$. Black hole microstates on the field theory side are defined as states that are not ``multi-graviton'' type. We develop a novel approach to count (with sign) the protected operators that are candidates for duals of supersymmetric AdS black holes, using Gröbner basis techniques. This approach allows us to reveal new structural patterns in the BPS spectrum. Notably, our analysis led us to conjecture the presence of “graviton hair” that decorates a core set of black hole-like operators. In addition, we proposed an ansatz for constructing low-energy black hole operators that incorporates finite-$N$ trace relations among gravitons. This ansatz is particularly suited to the lowest-energy states in the black hole sector, which are expected to (roughly speaking) closely resemble graviton operators. Indeed, using this ansatz, we explicitly identify a representative of the lowest-energy black hole operator in $SU(3)$ theory. Together, these results uncover a rich and tractable structure in finite-$N$ supersymmetric black hole microstates and provide new field-theoretic tools for understanding black hole entropy directly from the gauge theory.
In the second part, we investigate the large $U(1)$ global charge $Q$ and spin $J$ limits in simpler but strongly coupled 3-dimensional conformal field theories. In the regime $Q \ll J \ll Q^2$, we identify new fundamental degrees of freedom beyond the standard Goldstone description. These are associated with the density and flow of vortices, leading to a novel semiclassical solution—a superfluid densely populated with vortices rotating at a constant angular velocity. This new solution has lower energy compared to the prior proposal named ``giant vortex'', while qualitatively similar to it.
Furthermore, we explored potential holographic connections, noting that our solution closely resembles a zero-temperature normal fluid. However, unlike typical normal fluids with macroscopic entropy, our EFT solution describes ground states without non-macroscopic entropy, posing intriguing challenges for its holographic interpretation.
This research deepens our understanding of the interplay between large quantum numbers in strongly coupled theories, revealing new degrees of freedom tied to vortex-lattice structure and shedding light on the possible ground state phases in these extreme regimes.
Together, these two lines of work uncover new structures and computational techniques in extreme regimes of quantum field theory, enriching our understanding of black hole microphysics, effective field theories at large charge and spin, and the broader landscape of non-perturbative phenomena in holography and strongly coupled QFTs.