Regulations on conventional refrigerants have become increasingly stringent due to global environmental concerns. Among natural refrigerants, carbon dioxide (R744) is recognized for its low environmental impact, non-flammability, and non-toxicity, mak...
Regulations on conventional refrigerants have become increasingly stringent due to global environmental concerns. Among natural refrigerants, carbon dioxide (R744) is recognized for its low environmental impact, non-flammability, and non-toxicity, making it an attractive candidate for EV heat pump applications. However, the transcritical operation of R744 heat pump systems introduces unique technical challenges, especially under high ambient temperatures where the cooling performance rapidly declines. To address these challenges, this study investigates two advanced cycle strategies, GI and intercooling cycles, aimed at improving the cooling performance of R744 heat pumps for EVs under severe operating conditions.
First, the cooling performance of the base and GI cycles is experimentally analyzed. The GI cycle is characterized with a flashtank, and the vapor separated here is injected into the intermediate stage between two compressors. At moderate ambient temperatures (25°C and 35°C), the GI cycle demonstrates significant performance improvements: the COP increases up to 7.8% and cooling capacity by 7.6% under 35°C conditions compared to the base cycle. These improvements result from a larger enthalpy difference across the evaporator. However, as the ambient temperature exceeds 45°C, the GI cycle encounters fundamental thermodynamic and practical limitations. High vapor quality at the flashtank causes excessive injection mass flow, which in turn raises the mass flow rate across the gas cooler. This makes it difficult to reduce the inlet enthalpy of the evaporator.
Second, a numerical model is developed to evaluate the system performance in regions that are experimentally inaccessible due to the high discharge pressure and temperature. The model validation against to experimental data across a wide range of operating conditions (25°C–45°C) confirmed that predicted cooling capacities agree within ±10% of measured results for both the base cycle and GI cycle. Using this model, the cooling performance of the base cycle is assessed under more severe temperature of 54°C. The results show the challenges of R744 heat pump system under extremely hot conditions, where the COP can be lowered below unity. Furthermore, the GI cycle is unable to improve either cooling capacity or COP under the extremely hot conditions unless the discharge pressure exceeds the general safety limit of 140 bar. Although further increasing the discharge pressure (up to 147 bar) yields only marginal increases in capacity, the COP stagnates or decreases, and discharge temperatures surpass 150°C, posing risks to compressor durability and system reliability.
Finally, an intercooling cycle is proposed integrating the EV coolant circuit to improve the cooling performance even in extremely hot climates. Numerical evaluation of three intercooling configurations (intercooler only, intercooler with series WGC, and intercooler with independent WGC) under 35°C, 45°C, and 54°C ambient conditions result in consistent performance benefits. The improvement becomes more pronounced as the ambient temperature rises, and the most favorable configuration delivers a 13.0% rise in COP and 10.5% in cooling capacity at 54°C. Importantly, these enhancements are achievable while keeping discharge pressure and temperature within safe limits. Further analysis suggests that adjusting the intermediate pressure could intensify the intercooling effect, lowering the refrigerant discharge temperature without compromising cooling capacity.
In conclusion, this research systematically analyzes the strengths and limitations of both the GI and intercooling cycles under the transcritical operation of R744 heat pumps to improve cooling performance. These findings are expected to provide valuable insights for the future design and optimization of environmentally friendly, high-efficiency heat pump systems for EVs.