Near-inertial waves (NIWs) play a major role in transferring energy from surface wind forcing to the ocean interior, contributing significantly to turbulent mixing and the maintenance of abyssal stratification. It is known that background mesoscale fl...
Near-inertial waves (NIWs) play a major role in transferring energy from surface wind forcing to the ocean interior, contributing significantly to turbulent mixing and the maintenance of abyssal stratification. It is known that background mesoscale flows (BMFs) modify the local inertial frequency and affect the energy and vertical propagation speeds of near-inertial waves (NIWs), but their effects have not been quantified, especially using observation. This study aimed to quantify BMF effects on NIWs energy, group velocity, and the downward energy flux (Fz) of NIWs using two years of mooring data (November 2017–October 2019) from the Kuroshio Extension. By dividing the data into 11 day segments, the temporal variability of the effective near-inertial frequency and group velocity owing to the BMFs was considered. During winter, when NIWs are active—on a temporal average in anticyclonic flows—Fz increased by 50%, whereas in cyclonic flows, Fz decreased by 45% when the BMFs were considered. Because cyclonic circulations are twice as frequent, Fz decreased by ~17%, to 0.37 x 10-3 W m-2. Even so, this amount is ~1.8 times greater than that in the northeastern Pacific and accounts for ~28% of the wind work rate, similar to eddy-resolving high-resolution numerical model results. This high efficiency suggests that NIWs could play a more important role in deep mixing than previously considered. To overcome the spatiotemporal limitation of Fz estimation from our data, long-term eddy statistics were used to estimate overall Fz over the Kuroshio Extension. Anticyclonic circulations lasted longer, leading to a ~12% increase in Fz. Thus, the Kuroshio Extension is an important area for downward NIW energy propagation, and BMFs should be considered for accurate NIWs energetics.
Internal wave-induced turbulent mixing below 500 m is essential for sustaining deep stratification and meridional overturning circulation. Despite the notable Fw, the contribution of NIWs to deep-ocean mixing remains poorly understood. Our observations revealed several instances of strong downward propagation towards the deep ocean. At the beginning of January 2018, approximately 80% of the annual wind work entered the ocean, coinciding with the generation of strong NIWs within an anticyclonic eddy. These NIWs propagated downward to approximately 2000 m but did not reach the seafloor. Within the mixed layer, NIWs exhibited a large vertical wavelength (~1300 m) and slightly smaller frequencies than the local Coriolis frequency (ω≈0.97f). The horizontal propagation direction of this NIW aligned with the background velocity, so their intrinsic frequency (ω0) could exceed f (ω0≈0.97-1.03f). Using a ray-tracing model, the study simulated NIW propagation paths while accounting for their interactions with mesoscale flows. After February 3, subsurface mesoscale flow at 2000 m generated positive relative vorticity, which further contributed to the trapping of NIWs at this depth. This temporal variability in mesoscale flow conditions played a critical role in shaping the vertical extent of NIW energy propagation and its eventual confinement.
The findings of this study underscore the vital role of mesoscale flows in modulating the energetics and behavior of NIWs. By altering the effective inertial frequency, mesoscale circulations influence the vertical group velocity and energy flux of NIWs, enhancing their contribution to deep-ocean mixing. The observed trapping of NIWs at critical depths highlights the importance of mesoscale-induced modifications to the inertial frequency in determining the energy pathways of NIWs and their contribution to the maintenance of abyssal stratification.