Introduction: Global developmental delay (GDD) and intellectual disability (ID) are frequently caused by genetic factors, yet many patients remain undiagnosed even after whole exome sequencing (WES). This study aimed to apply Optical Genome Mapping (O...
Introduction: Global developmental delay (GDD) and intellectual disability (ID) are frequently caused by genetic factors, yet many patients remain undiagnosed even after whole exome sequencing (WES). This study aimed to apply Optical Genome Mapping (OGM) and Illumina Complete Long Reads (ICLR) in pediatric patients with unexplained GDD/ID after negative WES, evaluate the diagnostic yield of each platform, and propose a practical diagnostic strategy for clinical implementation.
Methods: We conducted OGM and ICLR on 87 pediatric patients with unexplained GDD/ID despite prior WES. Pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were analyzed, and discordant cases underwent further validation using gap-PCR or PacBio long-read sequencing. A minigene assay was also performed to confirm the pathogenicity of an intronic variant.
Results: Of the 87 patients, 8 were found to carry pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants, including 5 structural variants (SVs) and 3 single nucleotide variants (SNVs). OGM and ICLR provided additional diagnostic yields of 4.71% and 9.30%. While some variants were detected by both platforms, several were uniquely identified by either OGM or ICLR. OGM was effective in detecting complex, large-scale rearrangements, whereas ICLR performed well in cases with overlapping deletions and inverted duplication. Notably, all SVs detected by ICLR were also visually confirmed in short-read BAM files. For all SV burden, ICLR detected 8 SVs (mean 0.09 ± 0.33 per sample), and OGM identified 8 SVs (mean 0.09 ± 0.29 per sample), showing comparable results.
Conclusion: This study demonstrates the complementary utility of ICLR and OGM in detecting diverse classes of pathogenic variants in GDD/ID. ICLR was advantageous for intronic and overlapping structural variants, while OGM was effective for complex rearrangements and repetitive regions. ICLR demonstrated a higher additional diagnostic yield compared to OGM. These findings support a stepwise diagnostic strategy in which ICLR is employed as a first-line test, with OGM used as a second-line method for unresolved cases.