Dual catalysis has emerged as a powerful strategy to harness visible light as unlimited reagents combined with transition metal catalysis. By employing visible light, this approach mediates an elusive pathway that would not be achieved under tradition...
Dual catalysis has emerged as a powerful strategy to harness visible light as unlimited reagents combined with transition metal catalysis. By employing visible light, this approach mediates an elusive pathway that would not be achieved under traditional methodologies, further enabling sustainable synthesis with broad functional group tolerance. To meet the principles of green chemistry, it is imperative that dual catalytic systems utilize heterogeneous catalysts. Single atom catalysts (SACs), where metal atoms are immobilized on supports individually, are particularly promising due to their high activity and metal-atom efficiency. Serving as a bridge between homogeneous and heterogeneous systems, SACs exhibit recyclability, uniform active sites, and the potential for precise mechanistic study. Carbon nitride (CN), a semiconductor photocatalyst, is an ideal support for SACs, offering strong metal-nitrogen interactions to prevent metal deactivation. Simultaneously, this interfacial interaction not only stabilizes the metal atoms but also enhances the photocatalytic properties of CN, further amplifying its efficiency. Based on these advantages, this dissertation focuses on the development of a totally heterogeneous dual catalytic system utilizing single atom catalysts on carbon nitride (SAC/CN) for sustainable photocatalytic transformations.
Chapter 1 establishes the purpose of this dissertation by emphasizing the advantages of dual catalysis and the indispensability of SACs to achieve heterogeneous dual catalytic systems. We present the synthetic process of nickel single atoms anchored on carbon nitride (NiSAC/CN), which consists of earth-abundant materials. The detailed characterizations validated the single-atomic dispersion of nickel species in NiSAC/CN and examined its catalytic properties.
Chapter 2 presents a fully heterogeneous C−N coupling under visible light irradiation using NiSAC/CN. Conventional dual catalytic system often suffers from catalytic deactivation caused by metal aggregation. Strong interfacial interactions between nickel and carbon nitride prevent such deactivation on NiSAC/CN, highlighting its efficiency and robustness. Comprehensive characterization of recovered catalysts exhibited their retained catalytic activity and recyclability. Mechanistic studies revealed the sequential charge transfer at the Ni-CN interface, with a synergistic interplay facilitating the efficient C−N bond formation.
Chapter 3 focuses on selective C(sp2)−C(sp3) coupling utilizing NiSAC/CN. By using morpholine as an inexpensive additive, boronic esters were employed to generate alkyl radicals under mild conditions. The introduction of bidentate ligands yielded exceptional selectivity, unattainable with monodentate ligands or ligand-free conditions. Furthermore, mechanistic studies elucidated a pathway of selective C(sp2)−C(sp3) coupling, reinforcing crucial role of bipyridine ligands. The system’s efficacy for synthesizing complex molecules is considerably underscored by its broad substrate scope, containing pharmaceuticals and natural products. Furthermore, stepwise photocatalytic reactions were mediated using NiSAC/CN by varying ligands, showcasing the system's versatility and potential for diverse reactions.