To establish a successful infection, bacterial pathogens recognize environmental signals and elaborately regulate the expression of survival and virulence genes within the host using various transcription factors (TFs). In the present study, the funct...
To establish a successful infection, bacterial pathogens recognize environmental signals and elaborately regulate the expression of survival and virulence genes within the host using various transcription factors (TFs). In the present study, the functions of entire TFs in the life-threatening bacterial pathogen Vibrio vulnificus were comprehensively profiled. Then, TFs essential for survival and virulence were identified as potential targets to control the V. vulnificus pathogenicity and their regulatory functions were further characterized. In detail, a library of the V. vulnificus mutants carrying specific signature tags in 285 TF genes was constructed and subjected to 16 phenotypic analyses. Consequently, 89 TFs affecting more than one phenotype of V. vulnificus were identified. Of these, 59 TFs affect the in vitro survival including growth, stress resistance, biofilm formation, and motility, and 64 TFs affect the virulence of V. vulnificus. At first, CarR, among the 59 TFs, was found to develop resistance to polymyxin B, a cationic antimicrobial peptide. Given that V. vulnificus shows intrinsic resistance to polymyxin B, CarR could be a potential drug target to improve the efficacy of the antimicrobial peptide through a synergistic effect. CarR was identified as a response regulator of the CarRS two-component system (TCS) with its cognate sensor kinase CarS. Transcriptome analysis revealed that CarR strongly activates the expression of the eptA, tolCV2, and carRS operons. In particular, the eptA operon plays a major role in developing the CarR-mediated polymyxin B resistance. Phosphorylation of CarR by CarS is required for the regulation of its downstream genes, leading to the polymyxin B resistance. Nevertheless, CarR directly binds to specific sequences in the regulatory regions of the eptA and carRS operons, regardless of its phosphorylation. Notably, the CarRS TCS alters its own activation state by responding to several environmental stresses, including polymyxin B, divalent cations, bile salts, and pH change. Furthermore, CarR modulates the resistance of V. vulnificus to bile salts and acidic pH among the stresses, as well as polymyxin B. The combined results suggested that the CarRS TCS, in responding to multiple host environmental signals, could provide V. vulnificus with the benefit of surviving within the host by enhancing its optimal fitness during infection. Finally, 27 of the 64 TFs affecting the virulence of V. vulnificus were found to enhance the in vitro hemolytic or cytotoxic activities and 8 TFs of them were also found to increase the in vivo brine shrimp or murine infectivities of the pathogen. Of the eight TFs, HlyU, IscR, NagC, MetJ, and Tet2 were shown to not affect the growth of V. vulnificus, thereby emerging as potential drug targets for anti-virulence therapies with low selective pressure for developing resistance. Besides previously studied HlyU and IscR, NagC, MetJ, and Tet2 were identified to regulate the expression of major exotoxin genes, including rtxA, vvhA, and plpA, by directly binding to their regulatory regions. In particular, Tet2, which was initially identified as TF here, also affects the virulence of other pathogenic Vibrio species without affecting their growth, thereby appearing as a potential target to control the Vibrio infections. Altogether, this study systematically characterized the functions of TFs at a genome-wide scale and proposed CarR, NagC, MetJ, and Tet2 as novel targets to control the pathogenicity of V. vulnificus.