Fusion energy has been studied as a high-efficiency and sustainable energy source for humanity, with the ultimate goal of constructing a nuclear fusion power plant. In the fusion reaction, deuterons and tritons fuse to form an alpha particle with a ne...
Fusion energy has been studied as a high-efficiency and sustainable energy source for humanity, with the ultimate goal of constructing a nuclear fusion power plant. In the fusion reaction, deuterons and tritons fuse to form an alpha particle with a neutron. The alpha particle carries 3.5 MeV of energy, which contributes to plasma self-heating, while the neutron carries 14.1 MeV and transfers energy to the blanket for power generation. In stellar environments such as the Sun, nuclear fusion occurs continuously because its massive gravitational force maintains a high-temperature, high-density plasma state. On Earth, various concepts have been proposed to achieve this process. Among them, the tokamak is a representative device that confines and controls plasma through strong electromagnetic forces instead of gravitational confinement. To sustain nuclear fusion in tokamak plasma, the product of temperature, density, and confinement time must satisfy or exceed the Lawson criterion.
Plasma-wall interactions consist of the entire sequence of physical and chemical processes between fusion plasma and plasma facing region, colliding with the material surface and producing neutral particles. The influx of these neutral by-products into the plasma increases radiative power losses, which depend on the square of the effective charge and limits the operational regime required to satisfy the Lawson criterion.
This study investigates methods to improve energy confinement time in VEST by reducing impurity influx through improvements in the vacuum system and wall condition processes. A low impurity level is essential to achieve an improved energy confinement and minimize heating power losses in magnetically confined plasmas. However, the lack of sophisticated wall conditioning techniques in VEST has limited the expansion of operational regime for toroidal confinement studies at low aspect ratio. The main challenges include geometrical limitations of the vacuum chamber, which prevent uniform and homogeneous baking, the need for system upgrades to increase boronization (BZn) efficiency and prevent re-condensation, and the requirement to monitor partial pressures—particularly water vapor—at each stage to establish a systematic wall conditioning framework.
A series of engineering methodologies have been applied to address these challenges. First, a new first wall baking system is designed to facilitate localized desorption of water vapor, the dominant oxygen-containing neutral impurity in plasma-wall interactions. Second, modifications to the pipeline structure enabled additional helium flow, which enhanced the mobility of BZn precursors and prevented re-condensation. A multi-evaporator system is also implemented, doubling the toroidal coverage range of boron film deposition. Third, a wall conditioning sequence is firstly introduced through the integration of the improved systems, which reduced the partial pressure of water to 4% of the base pressure within just 5 days. Fourth, a diagnostic system is developed to monitor neutral pressure behavior induced by plasma-wall interactions. A Penning ion gauge, specially designed for operation in the spherical torus (ST) configuration, has been installed to enable precise measurement of rapid neutral pressure fluctuations during the plasma-wall interaction in VEST ohmic discharge.
BZn is one of the most effective methods for reducing outgassing rate and impurity influxes and is widely applied in various fusion devices. However, studies on its counter effects remain underexplored. This study experimentally demonstrates, for the first time, the existence of an optimal boron precursor injection rate that minimizes radiative power loss. Power balance analysis confirms that a reduction in impurity influx through optimized BZn increases plasma kinetic pressure, leading to improvements in energy confinement time and overall plasma performance. Notably, radiative power loss decreases as the precursor dose rate increased up to 0.2 g, but upon exceeding 0.2g, plasma density increased due to fuel dissociation, which resulted in a rise in radiative power losses. These results highlight the necessity of precise control over precursor dose rate. This study provides a foundational database for predicting optimal BZn conditions through multi-machine analysis, offering valuable insights for radiative loss suppression and plasma performance optimization in future magnetic fusion devices.
Consequently, suppression of radiative power loss caused by impurities through controlled BZn at the optimal dose rate led to an improved confinement regime, increasing the energy confinement time from 2.2 ms to 4.5 ms and the energy enhancement factor from 0.5 to 1.3. The operational window, as represented in the Murakami-Hugill diagram for VEST, expanded significantly compared to a typical ohmic discharge due to enhancements in the overall wall conditioning system. This study systematically identifies and addresses key challenges through a structured engineering framework, resulting in a substantial increase in the fusion triple product in VEST. The methodologies established in this work provide a foundation for achieving ignition states in future fusion devices, including ITER, VEST-Upgrade, and K-DEMO, contributing to the advancement of fusion energy.