Age-related delays in bone healing are largely driven by impaired regeneration and prolonged inflammation. NETosis, a neutrophil-mediated innate immune response, plays an important role in tissue repair under physiological conditions. However, in agin...
Age-related delays in bone healing are largely driven by impaired regeneration and prolonged inflammation. NETosis, a neutrophil-mediated innate immune response, plays an important role in tissue repair under physiological conditions. However, in aging, excessive NET formation contributes to chronic inflammation and delayed healing. Zinc is an essential trace element that regulates immune function and inflammation, but its levels tend to decline with age. This study explores whether zinc oxide nanoparticle-infused polycaprolactone (ZnPCL) fibers, which gradually release zinc, can help modulate NETosis and immune responses, and improve bone healing in aged mice.
In aged mice, calvarial bone healing was significantly delayed compared to young mice, accompanied by persistent neutrophil presence and elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Both in vivo and in vitro assays revealed increased NETosis in aged neutrophils. RNA-seq and GO analyses revealed decreased expression of zinc transporter genes and enhanced inflammatory signaling. Intracellular zinc levels in neutrophils were markedly lower in aged mice, and zinc deficiency was associated with enhanced NETosis. TPEN-induced zinc depletion in young neutrophils increased NETosis, while zinc supplementation with ZnCl or ZnO in aged mice restored zinc levels and reduced NET formation. Notably, ZnO entered neutrophils via endocytosis, demonstrating a pathway for intracellular zinc restoration.
ZnPCL fibers were shown to be biocompatible and effectively elevated intracellular zinc levels in aged neutrophils. They significantly reduced NETosis both in vitro and in vivo and also promoted macrophage recruitment and M2 polarization—key steps in resolving inflammation. As a result, ZnPCL treatment restored bone regeneration in aged mice, improving bone mineral density and new bone formation to levels comparable with young controls.
In summary, this study demonstrates that excessive NETosis and zinc deficiency contribute to impaired bone healing in aging. ZnPCL fibers offer a promising strategy to counteract these effects by regulating NETosis and inflammation, highlighting their therapeutic potential for enhancing bone repair in aged individuals.