Salmonella infection poses a significant threat to poultry health and global food safety, causing substantial economic losses and zoonotic transmission through contaminated animal products. In chickens, effective control of Salmonella requires not onl...
Salmonella infection poses a significant threat to poultry health and global food safety, causing substantial economic losses and zoonotic transmission through contaminated animal products. In chickens, effective control of Salmonella requires not only the development of protective vaccination strategies but also a deeper understanding of the innate immune mechanisms that govern host-pathogen interactions. While inactivated vaccines are widely used due to their safety, they often fail to elicit sufficiently robust immune responses, highlighting the need for adjuvant strategies to improve vaccine efficacy. Concurrently, macrophages act as primary cellular targets and reservoirs for intracellular Salmonella survival, yet the cellular and molecular mechanisms of macrophage-mediated defense in avian species remain poorly understood.
Part I of this dissertation focuses on the development of chicken-derived probiotics as natural adjuvants to enhance the immune efficacy of an inactivated Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine. Four probiotic strains, isolated from the intestinal contents of healthy chickens, were first evaluated in vitro using a chicken macrophage cell line. Among them, Lactobacillus salivarius (p-48) showed the strongest adjuvant potential by enhancing macrophage surface marker expression and cytokine production. In vivo experiments further demonstrated that co-administration of probiotics with the inactivated vaccine significantly reduced both systemic and intestinal Salmonella colonization compared to vaccination alone. No major differences in efficacy were observed between in ovo and oral probiotic delivery. Consistent with the in vitro findings, L. salivarius (p-48) showed the most pronounced adjuvant effect in vivo, outperforming L. crispatus (p-1) and L. reuteri (p-32). Functional antibody assays confirmed that p-48 enhanced antigen-specific IgY responses as well as bactericidal and opsonophagocytic activity, resulting in improved protective immunity.
Part II investigates the role of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in chicken macrophage responses to Salmonella Typhimurium infection. Using wild-type (WT) and gene-edited TLR2⁻/⁻, TLR3⁻/⁻, and TLR4⁻/⁻ HD11 macrophage cell lines, comparative analyses were conducted under both phagocytosis and opsonophagocytosis conditions. The results demonstrated that TLR4 is essential for bacterial uptake and intracellular clearance during phagocytosis, whereas both TLR2 and TLR4 contribute to effective bacterial elimination during opsonophagocytosis. TLR4-deficient macrophages exhibited impaired activation, as indicated by reduced MRC1 downregulation, diminished ROS production, and limited SSC elevation. Transcriptomic analyses revealed divergent immune strategies between WT and TLR4⁻/⁻ macrophages, including increased expression of genes related to phagosomal maturation and humoral immune responses in the absence of TLR4 during opsonophagocytosis. Additionally, metabolic profiling uncovered enhanced compensatory glycolysis and distinct patterns of amino acid and fatty acid metabolism in TLR4⁻/⁻ macrophage, suggesting that TLR4 deficiency induces metabolic reprogramming in response to intracellular Salmonella.
Collectively, this dissertation highlights two complementary strategies for improving host defense against Salmonella in chickens: (1) the application of immune-enhancing probiotics as effective adjuvants to enhance inactivated vaccine efficacy, and (2) mechanistic insights into how TLR signaling, particularly TLR4, regulates macrophage activation, transcriptional responses, and metabolic adaptation during two distinct Salmonella uptake pathway. These findings provide a scientific basis for the development of integrated immunomodulatory and vaccine-based interventions to control Salmonella infection in poultry.
Keywords: Avian immunology, Salmonella, Vaccine adjuvant, Macrophage, TLR knock out, Immunometabolsim
Student number: 2021-30408