Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV), also referred to as Dabie bandavirus, is an emerging tick-borne phlebovirus that poses a significant public health threat in East Asia due to its high case-fatality rate, particularly among ol...
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV), also referred to as Dabie bandavirus, is an emerging tick-borne phlebovirus that poses a significant public health threat in East Asia due to its high case-fatality rate, particularly among older adults. Despite its clinical importance and epidemic potential, no licensed vaccines or antiviral therapies are currently available. The SFTSV genome comprises three negative-sense RNA segments (L, M, and S), with the S segment encoding a nonstructural (NS) protein that functions as a potent type I interferon antagonist and a major virulence factor. The NS protein disrupts multiple host innate immune pathways—including the RIG-I/MAVS and JAK-STAT cascades—making it an attractive target for rational viral attenuation. In this study, we developed a recombinant live attenuated SFTSV vaccine by deleting the NS gene (ΔNS) and reassorting the remaining segments with those of genotype B, the most prevalent circulating strain in East Asia. The resulting ΔNS virus exhibited markedly reduced replication in type I interferon-competent cells while retaining the ability to infect and activate professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. Immunization with ΔNS in both mice and non-human primates elicited robust and durable SFTSV-specific immune responses, characterized by strong IgG production, sustained neutralizing antibody titers, and antigen-specific CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell activation. Notably, vaccinated animals were completely protected from lethal challenge with multiple heterologous SFTSV genotypes (B, D, and F), with protective immunity lasting for up to 12 months.
To evaluate the platform’s versatility, we engineered ΔNS viruses to express heterologous antigens—ovalbumin (OVA) as a model tumor antigen and TSA56 from Orientia tsutsugamushi, the causative agent of scrub typhus. Vaccination with these recombinant vectors induced robust antigen-specific T cell responses and conferred protective efficacy in both a B16-OVA melanoma model and a lethal O. tsutsugamushi infection model, even in the absence of detectable antigen-specific antibody responses. Mechanistic studies revealed that ΔNS infection promotes APC activation through upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules and MHC class I expression, enhances endogenous antigen presentation, and selectively reduces apoptosis in directly infected APCs, thereby supporting sustained antigen display and effective T cell priming. Preclinical safety evaluations conducted in murine and canine models demonstrated a favorable safety profile, with no evidence of systemic toxicity, neurobehavioral abnormalities, or respiratory/cardiovascular dysfunction. Biodistribution and shedding analyses further confirmed that viral replication was largely restricted to the injection site and regional lymphoid tissues, with minimal dissemination to distant organs or excreta.
Collectively, these findings establish ΔNS SFTSV as a promising live attenuated vaccine candidate that is immunogenic, protective, and versatile. While the ΔNS platform exhibited a favorable safety profile in preclinical models, further evaluation in human studies is necessary to determine its clinical safety and efficacy. In addition to its application for SFTSV, the platform’s ability to deliver heterologous antigens underscores its potential as a next-generation bivalent vaccine system against a range of intracellular pathogens and cancer.