Background: CTNNB1 mutations, which activate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, represent one of the most common genetic alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While previous studies have primarily focused on hepatitis C virus-related HCCs ...
Background: CTNNB1 mutations, which activate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, represent one of the most common genetic alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While previous studies have primarily focused on hepatitis C virus-related HCCs from Western populations, the mutational landscape and associated phenotypes of CTNNB1 mutations in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related HCCs remain poorly defined. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and types of CTNNB1 mutations in HBV-related HCCs and correlate the molecular status with histomorphological and immunohistochemical features.
Methods: We analyzed 108 surgically resected HBV-related HCCs by Sanger sequencing, targeting CTNNB1 exons 3, 7, and 8. An extended cohort of 24 HBV-related HCCs—including advanced, recurrent, and metastatic tumors—was assessed using next-generation sequencing (NGS). Tumor morphology, β-catenin localization, and glutamine synthetase (GS) expression were evaluated, along with other clinicopathological data.
Results: CTNNB1 mutations were detected in 16% (21/132) of cases in both the Sanger and NGS cohorts. All mutations affected exon 3 hotspots (D32–S37, T41, S45), with no mutations in exons 7 or 8. CTNNB1-mutated HCCs showed strong associations with diffuse strong GS expression, nuclear β-catenin expression, and the classic CTNNB1 morphology. These tumors also had lower serum alpha-fetoprotein levels and less frequent microvascular invasion; however, they more frequently exhibited the vessels encapsulating tumor clusters (VETC) pattern and a higher proportion of tumor necrosis. Subgroup analysis based on the VETC pattern revealed that β-catenin activation was associated with lower MVI and recurrence-free survival only in the VETC-negative group, suggesting its prognostic relevance may differ by vascular pattern. Diffuse strong GS expression was the most accurate predictor of CTNNB1 mutation.
Conclusions: CTNNB1 mutations were observed in 16% of HBV-related HCCs in this Korean cohort and were strongly associated with β-catenin activation features. Recognizing this subtype, especially in the VETC-negative group, may have prognostic and therapeutic implications.