Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are indispensable for modern energy storage systems due to their high energy density, long cycle life, and ability to power a wide range of devices. However, as the demand for enhanced performance and safety escalates, the...
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are indispensable for modern energy storage systems due to their high energy density, long cycle life, and ability to power a wide range of devices. However, as the demand for enhanced performance and safety escalates, the inherent limitations of conventional LIBs become increasingly evident. The most significant drawbacks of traditional LIBs, which utilize flammable liquid electrolytes, include safety risks arising from electrolyte volatility and leakage, as well as performance degradation over extended cycles. These challenges have fueled the need for next-generation battery technologies capable of offering both superior safety and improved energy densities. In this regard, all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) have emerged as a promising alternative. By replacing liquid electrolytes with solid-state counterparts, ASSBs provide enhanced safety due to the absence of flammable components, while simultaneously achieving higher energy and power densities owing to the high ionic conductivity of solid electrolytes. Despite the numerous advantages of ASSBs, one major challenge remains: the interfacial instability between the solid electrolyte and cathode materials. This issue is particularly critical in sulfide-based solid electrolytes, which, while exhibiting high ionic conductivity, are prone to electrochemical and chemical decomposition when exposed to cathode materials such as oxide-based cathodes. Among the various sulfide-based solid electrolytes, Li6PS5Cl (LPSCl) has gained considerable attention for its high ionic conductivity, ease of synthesis, and cost-effectiveness. However, LPSCl faces significant interfacial challenges when integrated with oxide-based cathodes, such as LiCoO2. The poor electrochemical stability of LPSCl leads to the formation of resistive interfacial layers and voids, which increase interfacial resistance, hinder charge transfer, and ultimately degrade battery performance.
This dissertation addresses these interfacial degradation phenomena, focusing on the interface between LPSCl and LiCoO2. First, we demonstrate that the oxidative degradation of LPSCl significantly contributes to the formation of interfacial voids, surpassing the effect of volumetric changes in LiCoO2 during cycling. Electrochemical and chemical decomposition of LPSCl at the LiCoO2 surface generates byproducts such as P2Sx, polysulfides, and S-O and P-O bonds, which exhibit reduced molar volumes compared to pristine LPSCl, contributing to increased brittleness and exacerbating interfacial contact loss. These interfacial degradations lead to void formation and the generation of electrochemically inactive dead particles during cycling. In contrast, LiCoO2-Li2SnO3 core-shell nanoparticles effectively suppress these degradation mechanisms, attributed to the enhanced chemical stability of Li2SnO3 when combined with LPSCl. Through this, the correlation between the oxidative decomposition of LPSCl and void formation at the cathode material interface was elucidated.
Second, we explore the incorporation of solid electrolyte additives to enhance the interfacial stability of LPSCl. The addition of trimethylsilyl-functionalized compounds, such as 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethanethiol (TMS-SH), demonstrates substantial potential in stabilizing the LPSCl surface. The thiol group facilitates strong interactions with the LPSCl surface, promoting uniform adsorption, while the trimethylsilyl group plays a crucial role in forming a stable cathode-electrolyte interface (CEI). This additive undergoes electrochemical decomposition at approximately 4.2 V (vs. Li+/Li), forming a SiOx-based layer, which effectively suppresses surface oxidation and minimizes the formation of deleterious byproducts during cycling. When compared to electrodes using LPSCl without functional additives or those coated with LiNbO3, TMS-SH significantly improves the rate capability and cycling stability of LPSCl-based ASSBs. Electrode performance utilizing TMS-SH exhibits lower overpotential, higher capacity retention, and stable cycling performance even at high voltages (4.5 V vs. Li+/Li) and high current densities (0.4 C and 0.6 C). Furthermore, TMS-SH enhances the ionic conductivity of LPSCl after prolonged exposure to a dry oxygen atmosphere, compared to bare LPSCl.
This dissertation offers a comprehensive investigation into the degradation mechanisms at the LPSCl-cathode interface, emphasizing oxidative decomposition and void formation. Additionally, it introduces a novel approach to enhancing performance and long-term stability by incorporating solid electrolyte additives. These advancements are crucial for the widespread adoption of ASSBs in practical applications. Ultimately, the findings provide valuable insights into designing stable interfaces for next-generation solid-state batteries, paving the way for their commercialization.